[Аnalysis of global trends in the use of whole-grain products in the nutrition of the population].

In recent years, there was a worldwide increase of interest in foods with whole grain components. The number of studies that confirm their wide functional potential and importance in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases is expanding. At the same time, there is no agreement reached on the definition of the concept of whole grain products and the optimal level of its consumption in the world; and the provisions enshrined in national regulations are quite contradictory. In Russian practice, there are no recommendations on the use of whole grain products in nutrition. The aim of this research was to analyze world trends of using whole-grain products in the nutrition of the population. Material and methods. The review is based on the analysis of publications presented in the PubMed, Scopus, Food Science, Technology Abstracts databases mainly over the past 10 years. Results. The article discusses the use of whole-grain products in the nutrition of the population and their role in prevention of non-communicable diseases. The results of scientific researches demonstrating the positive experience of using whole grains in preventing obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular pathology are presented. The current dietary recommendations on the level of consumption of whole-grain products in the world, as well as the commitment of the population to them, are summarized. The problems of whole-grain products identification and product labelling are considered. Conclusion. Despite growing interest in whole-grain products around the world, consumption levels remain insufficient to realize their potential. Solution to this problem can be the achievement of consensus on whole-grain products with the participation of scientific communities and representatives of the food industry, as well as raising awareness among the population about the benefits of whole grains.

[The development of children nutrition science in Russia].

The article presents the main directions of children nutrition science in Russia, that starts at the Institute of Nutrition (nowadays Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety). Almost all areas of children nutrition - from early age to adulthood, from the organization of public nutrition to personalized approaches - were developed on the base of the Department of Children Nutrition, founded in 1932. Years of beneficial work of famous Russian specialists in the field of pediatric dietetics and nutrition science are associated with this Department, for instance professors E.M. Fateeva, K.S. Ladodo, I.Ya. Kon and their followers. The priority role of the Department of Children Nutrition in different areas of nutrition science is also shown in the article, for example in the development and improvement of physiological needs in nutrients and energy for children, pregnant and nursing women; development of new specialized infant foods, including first Russian formulas. Perinatal nutrition science, fundamental research on the composition of breast milk, creation of the system supporting breastfeeding, and design of dietary approaches to the correction of alimentary-dependent diseases were developed. The research on the effects of the hormonal composition of breast milk on the growth rate of infants who are breastfed has attracted the interest of the world scientific community. In recent years, fundamentally new scientific directions have been formed, based on the theory of "food programming", and nutrigenetic research has been developed. An important impetus in the development of modern pediatric nutritional science is the introduction of new approaches based on the achievements of nutritional metabolomics, nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, digital technologies, and innovations in the field of food production. Nowadays children's nutrition in our country has confidently developed into an independent scientific direction, its main sections have been clearly identified: prenatal nutrition; infant and toddler nutrition; nutrition of preschool and school-age children; epidemiology of child nutrition; technologies for the production of infant and baby food and its safety.

[Dietary intake of children with cystic fibrosis].

The high incidence of nutritional deficiency in cystic fibrosis continues to be an urgent problem in pediatrics. This is due to the multifactorial nature of these violations, one of which is the lack of effectiveness of nutritional correction. The aim of the research was to assess the actual diet of children and adolescents suffering from cystic fibrosis in order to develop an algorithm for individual approaches to correcting nutritional status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 150 children (boys - 85, girls - 65) aged 1 year to 18 years (average age 6.4±5.2 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis have been examined. Depending on age, the children were divided into groups: the 1st group consisted of 40 children from 1 year to 2 years (average age 1.9±0.7 years); 2nd group - from 3 to 5 years (n=41, 4.4±1.0 years); 3rd group - from 6 to 9 years (n=43, 7.7±1.1 years); 4th group - from 10 to 18 years old (n=26, 13.1±2.5). The actual nutrition was evaluated by questionnaire for 3 days, including one day off. Body mass, height have been measured, and body mass index (BMI) have been calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Only children of the first three years of life had an optimal diet for this disease in terms of energy value. At the age of 3 years and older, the deficit of energy intake increased, reaching 32% of the individual requirement in adolescence (10-18 years). The structure of nutrition revealed an imbalance of the main nutrients in the direction of the predominance of the lipid component (more than 40% of the energy value) and increased intake of saturated fatty acids, with a reduced proportion of protein and carbohydrates. There was a lack of dietary intake of a number of vitamins (C, B1, B2, A, E, D) and mineral substances (iron, potassium). CONCLUSION: The study showed the need for an individual approach to the correction of diet energy value and macronutrient intake in children with cystic fibrosis.

[Breast milk proteins as a focus for the improvement of recipes for infant adapted milk formulae].

After a long evolutionary development starting at the appearance of the first mammals about 200 million years ago, breast milk (BM) was formed into a unique functional nutrition system with an individual composition that promotes normal growth and development of the newborn, and determines the prospects for health throughout life. The review describes the properties and functions of BM in order to objectify the physiological effects of breastfeeding and justify the composition of formulae for artificial feeding (AF). It discusses modern ideas about the protein composition of BM and its significance for the growth and development of the infant, the problems of adapting the protein component of AF formulae, and the prospects for their optimization on the basis of modern production technologies. The conclusion is that BM is a complex dynamic matrix, and therefore extensive research, including on the main protein components and their interrelationships, is needed to fully understand and scientifically substantiate approaches to its adaptation.

[Development of the infant formula industry].

The creation of the first prototypes of modern breastmilk substitutes at the end of the nineteen century brought in a new era in feeding infants in the first year of life. Currently, artificial feeding of newborns consists of adapted milk formulae made with the latest production technologies. This review briefly discusses the history of the development and classification of breastmilk substitutes, the main local and international documents regulating their composition, as well as the basic principles of approximation (adaptation) of formulae to breast milk. Obviously, these issues are key in understanding the specifics and correct definition of the prospects and directions for the development of the breastmilk substitute industry.