Unveiling the power of education, political stability and ICT in shaping technological innovation in BRI nations.

Technological innovation is a critical element of economic and environmental sustainability; thus, the promotion of technological innovation in the economy has gained an apex among policy makers. The study's impetus is to measure the effect of investments in information and communication technology (ICT), education, and political stability on technical innovation in BRI countries for 2004-2020. In the process of documenting the empirical nexus through the implementation of novel panel techniques commonly known as Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR), continuously updated fully modified" (Cup-FM) and continuously updated bias-corrected (Cup-BC). The results of the slope of heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependency test, and panel cointegration test have revealed the presence of heterogeneity, all the research variables possessed certain common dynamics, and, most importantly presence of long-run association. The study documented the coefficients of ICT, education and Political stability are positive and statistically significant, indicating a contributory effect in fostering technological innovation in BRI nations. The findings emphasize the importance of upholding political stability, directing resources toward education, and fostering an environment that encourages innovation through the integration of information and communication technology (ICT). The study also highlights how critical it is to bring in FDI and use it to your advantage in order to boost tech development and the economy.

The role of ICT investment, digital financial inclusion, and environmental tax in promoting sustainable energy development in the MENA region: Evidences with Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCE) and instrumental variable-adjusted DCE.

His research investigates the interplay among investment in Information and Communication Technology [ICT], digital financial inclusion, environmental tax policies, and their impact on the progression of sustainable energy development within the Middle East and North Africa [MENA] region. Recognizing the distinctive hurdles impeding sustainable energy advancement, effective policy formulation and implementation in MENA necessitate a comprehensive understanding of these variables. Employing a Dynamic Common Correlated Effects [DCE] model alongside an instrumental variable-adjusted DCE approach, this study explores the relationship between ICT investment, digital financial inclusion, environmental tax, and sustainable energy development. The DCE model facilitates the analysis of dynamic effects and potential correlations, while the instrumental variable-adjusted DCE model addresses issues pertaining to endogeneity. The results indicate that both ICT investment and the promotion of digital financial inclusion significantly and positively impact sustainable energy development in the MENA region. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of environmental tax implementation in fostering sustainable energy advancement, highlighting the critical role of environmental policy interventions. Based on these findings, governmental prioritization of ICT investment and initiatives for digital financial service integration is recommended to bolster sustainable energy growth in MENA. Furthermore, the adoption of efficient environmental tax measures is essential to incentivize sustainable energy practices and mitigate environmental degradation. These policy recommendations aim to create a conducive environment for sustainable energy progression in the MENA region, contributing to both economic prosperity and environmental conservation.

Empowering renewable energy consumption through public-private investment, urbanization, and globalization: Evidence from CS-ARDL and NARDL.

This study examines the interrelationship among public-private investment, urbanization, globalization, and renewable energy consumption in the BIMSTEC nations for 1995-2021. The study implemented linear and nonlinear frameworks to document the magnitudes of explanatory variables on REC. Referring to the study findings with CSD, CIPS, CADF, and PCT disclosed the presence of cross-sectional dependency; variables are integrated after the first difference, i.e., I (1), and long-run association. According to symmetric and asymmetric coefficients, Public-private partnerships and globalization have emerged as significant catalysts for developing renewable energy sources. At the same time, urbanization is exposed to an adverse tie with REC, especially in the long-run. Based on the abovementioned findings, the study presents crucial policy recommendations to facilitate the expeditious transition to renewable energy within the BIMSTEC nations. Policymakers should prioritize the cultivation of robust public-private partnerships, the provision of incentives for investments in renewable energy, and the formulation of comprehensive regulatory frameworks.

An investigation of financial openness, trade openness, gross capital formation, urbanization, financial development, education and energy nexus in BRI: Evidence from the symmetric and asymmetric framework.

Clean energy development can bring numerous benefits, such as decreased greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, and increased job opportunities in the green industry. These advantages can be achieved through the collaborative efforts of all stakeholders involved. Ultimately, adopting clean energy can lead to a healthier planet and economy. Energy availability and scarcity influence the aggregated economy. The present study explores the interrelationships between financial openness, trade openness, gross capital formation, urbanization, financial development, education, and energy within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations. A panel of 56 nations has considered empirical investigation for 2002-2020. The coefficients extracted from CS-ARDL revealed a catalyst role of openness in the energy mix, especially the inclusion of clean energy both in the long run and short. The asymmetric evaluation revealed that positive negative shocks in openness lead to a positive association with energy consumption. Moreover, the asymmetric association was also exposed through the execution of a standard Wald test. The study findings show that FO, TO, and GCF are critical in energy sustainability in BRI nations. It implies that clean energy inclusion in the energy mix might be amplified, and energy sustainability may be ensured. The energy transition of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations is significantly affected by financial, trade, and domestic capital adequacy. The success of sustainable energy policies is determined by several factors, which play a crucial role in countries participating in BRI projects; the findings provide insight into the complex interdependencies among the variables above and their effects on the energy dynamics within the BRI region. Furthermore, the research findings hold considerable significance for policymakers as they offer valuable insights into the possible synergies and trade-offs among these factors that can facilitate sustainable energy transitions in the BRI economies.

Nexus between energy efficiency, green investment, urbanization and environmental quality: Evidence from MENA region.

Environmental protection holds a paramount position in the pursuit of sustainable development. The existing body of literature has extensively examined various driving forces for environmental enhancement, including renewable energy sources, innovation, and governmental interventions. This study aims to assess the impact of green investment, energy efficiency, and urbanization on achieving environmental sustainability in the MENA region during the period 2004-2019. A comprehensive set of econometric tools has been employed to achieve this goal, including the CADF and CIPS panel unit root tests, error correction-based panel cointegration analysis, Cross-sectional ARDL, and asymmetric ARDL models. The key findings of this research are as follows: Cross-sectional dependency and homogeneity tests demonstrated that the research units shared common dynamics and heterogeneity properties. The stationarity tests based on CIPS and CADF indicated that all variables became stationary after the first differencing. The panel cointegration analysis established a long-term relationship between green investment (GI), energy efficiency (EE), urbanization (UR), and environmental sustainability (ES) in MENA nations. Empirical model estimations using Cross-sectional ARDL revealed significant contributions of GI, EE, and UR to ES in the long and short run. The asymmetry assessment uncovered a nonlinear relationship between the explanatory and dependent variables, both in the long and short run. Specifically, the asymmetric coefficients of GI, EE, and UR displayed negative statistical significance at the 1% level, highlighting their significant roles in promoting environmental sustainability. In light of these findings, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers to formulate strategies to further environmental sustainability in the MENA region.

Clarifying the relationship between green investment, technological innovation, financial openness, and renewable energy consumption in MINT.

The importance of Renewable energy has been well documented in the literature, especially in the nexus of renewable energy-led environmental sustainability. The purpose of the study is to gauge the effects of green investment (GI), technological innovation (TI), and financial Openness (FO) on Renewable Energy Consumption (REC) in MINT for the period 1996-2019. Several econometric tools have been considered in documenting the target nexus, including the panel unit root test following CADF and CIPS, Error correction Cointegration test, CS-ARDL, nonlinear ARDL, and directional causality test by employing the D-H Causality test. The panel unit root test revealed that all the variables become stationary after the first difference. The long-run association in the target model is unveiled with the panel cointegration test. A positive and statistically significant connection regarding FO, TI, and GI coefficients on REC has been exposed. It suggests that the progress in RE development and inclusion in economic activities could be amplified through FO, TI, and GI. Inferring the results of asymmetric valuation, the test statistics of a standard Wald test document asymmetric association in the long run and short run. Furthermore, the coefficients of positive and negative innovation in explanatory variables, i.e., TI, GI, & FO, divulge a positive statistically significant tie to REC, which is valid in long-run and short-run assessment.

Clean energy-led tourism development in Malaysia: Do environmental degradation, FDI, Education and ICT matter?

Concerning tourism, two lines of evidence are available in the literature, i.e., tourism's impact on macro fundamentals and determinants of tourism development. Regarding determinants, researchers have documented positive and negative associations between selected macro fundamentals and tourism development. The study's objective is to examine the impact of clean energy, foreign direct investment (FDI), education, and information and communication technology (ICT) on tourism development in Malaysia from 1990 to 2021. The study employed several econometrical techniques in investigating the empirical nexus, including the Bayer-Hancked cointegration test, ARDL Bound testing, Nonlinear ARDL, Toda-Yamamoto causality, and Fourier TY causality test. Moreover, the study employed dynamic OLS, Fully-modified OLS and CCR for the coefficient robust test. The study indicates that the utilization of renewable energy sources has the potential to alleviate the adverse environmental impacts associated with conventional energy sources. This, in turn, can enhance the appeal of tourist destinations to environmentally conscious visitors. Clean energy sources can provide tourism enterprises with cost-saving opportunities, improving profitability and ensuring long-term sustainability. Furthermore, the study reveals a noteworthy correlation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and tourism development. This implies that FDI plays a significant role in fostering tourism activities within the economy. Moreover, it has been found that education plays a crucial role in fostering tourism growth by positively influencing the quality of services and experiences offered to travelers. Finally, the study emphasizes the positive impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the growth and advancement of the tourism industry. This is particularly evident in utilizing online booking systems, mobile applications, and immersive virtual tourism experiences.

Empowering Malaysian tourism with clean energy, sustainable environment, and inward FDI: evidence from symmetric and asymmetric assessment.

This study aims to assess the effects of clean energy, environmental sustainability, and inward FDI on tourism growth in Malaysia data spanning from 1990 to 2019. The study employs the Bayer-Hanck cointegration test, ARDL bound testing, nonlinear ARDL, Toda-Yamamoto causality, and Fourier TY causality test. Additionally, dynamic OLS, fully-modified OLS, and CCR are employed to ensure robust coefficient testing. The study's findings demonstrate a noteworthy and favorable correlation between the utilization of clean energy, the advancement of tourism, and the subsequent rise in inward foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, the NARDL model reveals the complex interplay between adopting clean energy, environmental sustainability, and tourism growth. The causality tests, such as Fourier TY, offer valuable insights into the direction and intensity of the identified causal relationships. The study's implications are diverse and complex. Firstly, it highlights the crucial significance of clean energy as a catalyst for Malaysia's sustainable tourism development. Furthermore, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders seeking to leverage the economic and environmental advantages of integrating clean energy. Finally, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on the interplay between clean energy, tourism, and inward foreign direct investment (FDI), establishing a solid basis for future research in comparable settings. In conclusion, this research contributes to the enhanced comprehension of the intricate relationship between clean energy, the expansion of tourism, and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. The utilization of various methodologies provides a comprehensive viewpoint on the dynamic relationships, emphasizing the potential for promoting sustainable development while simultaneously achieving economic benefits.

Does financial innovation foster financial inclusion in Arab world? examining the nexus between financial innovation, FDI, remittances, trade openness, and gross capital formation.

The present paper aims to study the impacts of financial innovation on financial inclusion for selected 22 Arab countries from 2004 to 2020. It considers financial inclusion as a dependent variable. It describes ATMs and the number of commercial banks' depositors as proxy variables. In contrast, financial inclusion is considered an independent variable. We used the ratio between broad and narrow money to describe it. We employ several statistical tests such as lm, Pesaran, and shin W-stat, a- tests for cross-section dependence, and unit root and panel granger causality with NARDL and system GMM approaches. The empirical results reveal the significant nexus between these two variables. The outcomes suggest that adaptation and diffusion of financial innovation play catalyst roles in bringing unbanked people into the financial network. In comparison, the inflows of FDI establish mixed positive and negative effects, which vary with model estimation following different econometrical tools. It is also revealed that FDI inflow can augment the financial inclusion process, and trade openness can play a directive role and enhance the financial inclusion process. These findings suggest that financial innovation, trade openness, and institutional quality should continue in the selected countries to enhance financial inclusion and promote capital formation in the selected countries.

An asymmetric nexus between clean energy, good governance, education and inward FDI in China: Do environment and technology matter? Evidence for chines provincial data.

The inflows of FDI has revealed a catalyst effect on economic progress with sustainability. Furthermore, continual inflows of FDI prompts. The motivation of the study is to evaluate the effects of energy, good governance, education, and environmental regulation on inflows of FDI in china for the period 1997-2018. A panel data econometrical technique has been implemented, including panel unit root, cointegration, CS-ARDL, and asymmetric ARDL. Moreover, the directional causality has been investigated by employing the H-D causality test. According to the coefficients for CS-ARDL, the study documented a positive statistically significant linkage between explanatory variables, i.e., good governance, education, and energy, and explained variables, especially in the long run, whereas environmental regulation established an adverse association with FDI inflows in China. In terms of the standard Wald test, the study confirms the asymmetric linkage between explanatory variables and FDI in the long-run and short-run estimation. Referring to the asymmetric coefficients of good governance, education, and energy revealed a positive tie with inflows of FDI, while a negative statistically significant connection was disclosed between environmental regulation and inflows of FDI. Furthermore, directional casualty test established asymmetric shocks in CE [FDI←→ C E + ; F D I ← → C E - ] , negative shocks in education [ E D U - ←→FDI]. Based on study findings policy suggestions has derived for future development.

Does environmental degradation matter for poverty? Clarifying the nexus between FDI, environmental degradation, renewable energy, education, and poverty in Morocco and Tunisia.

Poverty is the curse for sustainable and equitable development worldwide by detreating environmental sustainability, economic instability, and inequality. However, as a remedy for poverty reduction, researchers over the past decade have examined the key macro determinants and established positive associations, implying the contributory role in poverty reduction. The study explores the environmental, energy, education, and foreign direct investment (FDI) effects on poverty reduction in Morocco and Tunisia from 1991 to 2020. We employed autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL frameworks to document the explanatory variables' elasticity on poverty reduction in both the long- and short-run horizons. According to linear assessment, the study documented that education, energy, and FDI support poverty reduction. At the same time, the cost of environmental degradation has a detrimental effect on poverty augmentation. Referring to asymmetric assessment, the study established a long-run asymmetric association between asymmetric shocks of education, FDI, and energy with poverty. For directional association, the study has implemented a casualty test with the Fourier TY causality test and revealed a bidirectional association between education and poverty, and energy and poverty. Moreover, the unidirectional casualty was unveiled between FDI and poverty, and poverty and environment.

An empirical assessment of financial literacy and behavioral biases on investment decision: Fresh evidence from small investor perception.

To have enough financial literacy, an investor must be able to make intelligent investment choices, and on the other hand, the heuristic bias, the framing effect, cognitive illusions, and herd mentality are all variables that contribute to the formation of behavioral biases, also known as illogical conduct, in the decision-making process. The current research looks specifically at behavioral biases and financial literacy influence investment choices, particularly on stock market investment. For the research, a representative sample of 450 individual investors was evaluated. A structured questionnaire was designed using the Likert's scale method to elicit the research variables, and the data acquired were analyzed using the SEM method. According to the findings, there was a statistically significant link between heuristic bias and the development of behavioral bias in decision-making. Nevertheless, cognitive illusions, the herd mentality, and the framing effect all have a deleterious impact on behavioral biases. In addition, investors often adhere to heuristic biases rather than other irrational strategies when making investment judgments. Therefore, individual investors' financial literacy level greatly influences the choices made about investments in the stock market.

Does Tourism Induce Sustainable Human Capital Development in BRICS Through the Channel of Capital Formation and Financial Development? Evidence From Augmented ARDL With Structural Break and Fourier-TY Causality.

The motivation of the study is to explore the nexus tourism-led sustainable human capital development (HCD) in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) for the period 1984-2019. The study applied several econometrical techniques for exposing the empirical association between tourism and HCD, such as the conventional and structural break unit root test, the combined cointegration test, long-run and short-run coefficients detected through implementing the Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (AARDL), and directional causality by following Toda-Yamamoto with Fourier function. The unit-roots test established variables are integrated in mixed order, wherein variables are stationary at a level or after the first difference. The estimated test statistics from the combined cointegration test and AARDL confirmed the long-run association between tourism, gross capital formation, financial development, and HCD. Tourism revealed a positive and statistically significant tie with HCD in the long run. Moreover, the joint effects of interactive terms TOR*GCF and TOR*FD (TOR, GCF, and FD denoting tourism development, gross capital formation, and financial development, respectively) established a positive and statistically significant relationship with HCD. In addition, the causality test revealed the feedback hypothesis available between tourism and HCD in all sample countries except India. In conclusion, the role of tourism development is critically important for sustainable HCD in BRICS. Therefore, in case of a policymaking concern, it is inevitable to address the tourism issues with care for capitalizing on the benefits for tourism development.

Metals extraction processes from electronic waste: constraints and opportunities.

The skyrocketing demand and progressive technology have increased our dependency on electrical and electronic devices. However, the life span of these devices has been shortened because of rapid scientific expansions. Hence, massive volumes of electronic waste (e-waste) is generating day by day. Nevertheless, the ongoing management of e-waste has emerged as a major threat to sustainable economic development worldwide. In general, e-waste contains several toxic substances such as metals, plastics, and refractory oxides. Metals, particularly lead, mercury, nickel, cadmium, and copper along with some valuable metals such as rare earth metals, platinum group elements, alkaline and radioactive metal are very common; which can be extracted before disposing of the e-waste for reuse. In addition, many of these metals are hazardous. Therefore, e-waste management is an essential issue. In this study, we critically have reviewed the existing extraction processes and compared among different processes such as physical, biological, supercritical fluid technologies, pyro and hydrometallurgical, and hybrid methods used for metals extraction from e-waste. The review indicates that although each method has particular merits but hybrid methods are eco-friendlier with extraction efficiency > 90%. This study also provides insight into the technical challenges to the practical realization of metals extraction from e-waste sources.

Do financial development, FDI, and globalization intensify environmental degradation through the channel of energy consumption: evidence from belt and road countries.

This study explores the role of foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development (FD), and globalization (GLO) in environmental degradation (ED) through the channel of energy consumption (EC) for the selected panel of belt and road initiative (BRI) countries for 1990-2017. The study applies appropriate panel unit root tests, the Westerlund cointegration test, the dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR) long-run panel estimation approach, and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test. Results of panel unit root test ascertain variables are interred either at a level or after first difference and long-run association documents by implementing conventional and error correction. Study findings with DSUR, in the long run, reveal that energy consumption and economic growth expose positive statistically significant association with environmental degradation, implying intensity in energy consumption and aggregate output level shall augment the present state of environmental degradation. While negative statistically significant effects reveal running from FDI, financial development, and globalization to environmental degradation, implying that energy efficiency technology, the scope of green financing through financial development, and cross country effects help the economy reduce environmental consequences with lesser carbon emission. Results of directional causality unveiled feedback hypothesis available in explaining the causality between environmental degradation and energy consumption [ED←➔EC] and FDI and environmental degradation [FDI←➔ED], moreover, unidirectional effects running from financial development, globalization, and economic growth to environmental degradation, i.e., [FD➔ED; GLO➔ED; Y➔ED]. The finding reveals the need to formulate energy policies that promote belt and road (BR) country energy efficiency.

An Asymmetric Investigation of Remittance and Trade Openness Impact on Inequality: Evidence From Selected South Asian Countries.

This study's motivation is to explore the relationship pattern between remittance, trade openness, and inequality of selected south Asian countries for the 1976-2018 period. The study performed non-linear tests, including unit root tests, non-linearity applying ordinary least squares (OLS) and BDS tests, non-linear autoregressive distributed lagged (NARDL) tests, and asymmetry causality tests to assess their association. Study findings with non-linear unit root tests suggest that the research variables follow the non-linear process of becoming stationary from non-stationary. The non-linear OLS and BDS test results confirm the existence of non-linearity among research variables, implying rejection of the null hypothesis of "no non-linearity." Furthermore, the results of the Wald test in NARDL confirm the availability of asymmetric links among variables. Besides this, the results of NARDL confirm the long-run asymmetric relationship between remittances, trade openness, and inequality in all sample nations. Findings suggest that both positive and negative shocks in remittances and trade openness is critical to either instituting or vexing the present state of inequality in the economy in the long term. In the directional relationship with asymmetry causality, the study shows that the feedback hypothesis holds to explain the asymmetric causal effects that are positive shocks in remittances and trade openness toward inequality.

Dose Remittances Matter for Openness and Financial Stability: Evidence From Least Developed Economies.

The study's motivation is to gauge the effects of remittances on openness: financial and economic openness and financial stability in least developed countries (LDCs) for the period spanning 1975-2018. The study applies Generalized Moment of Methods (GMM) and System-GMM to detect the magnitude of remittances, gross capital formation, and government debt on openness and financial stability, and their directional association is established by performing a Granger causality test with System-GMM specification. The results of cross-sectional dependency ascertain the presence of a common dynamic among the research units; on the other hand, both first, and second-generation unit root tests establish that variables are integrated either at level or after the first difference, neither variables are exposed to order of integration after second difference. A panel co-integration test based on error correction confirms the availability of the long-run association among variables. Study findings with GMM and System-GMM estimation expose positive statistically significant effects of remittance inflows to economic and financial openness and financial stability. In LDCs, remittance inflows positively augment economic and financial openness; moreover, financial stability remittances play a critical role. The study implemented the Granger causality test with System-GMM specification, and results disclosed the feedback hypothesis that is bidirectional causality availability in the tested empirical causal model. JEL Classifications: F24, F43, P34.

Economic Policy Uncertainty and Financial Innovation: Is There Any Affiliation?

The impetus of this study is to gauge the nexus between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and financial innovation in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRIC) nations for the period from 2004M1 to 2018M12. This study utilizes both the linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models to evaluate the long-run and the short-run association between EPU and financial innovation; furthermore, the causal effects are investigated by following the non-Granger casualty framework. The results of long-run cointegration, i.e., the test statistics of modified F-test (FPSS), standard Wald test (WPSS), and tBDM, reject the null hypothesis and establish the presence of the long-run association between EPU and financial innovation. Conversely, long-run asymmetry cointegration revealed the test statistics of FPSS, WPSS, and tBDM in non-linear estimation. Furthermore, both in the long run and short run, the Wald test results disclose asymmetric effects running from EPU to financial innovation. In regards to the asymmetric impact of EPU on financial innovation, this study documents that the positive and negative shocks in EPU are negatively linked with financial innovation in the long run but are insignificant for short-run effects. Besides, financial innovation measured by R&D investment exhibits a positive linkage with shocks in EPU, implying that uncertainty induces innovation in the economy. Referring to causality effects, this study divulges the feedback hypothesis, i.e., bidirectional causality prevails between EPU and financial innovation in all sample countries.

Nexus between environmental quality, institutional quality and trade openness through the channel of FDI: an application of common correlated effects estimation (CCEE), NARDL, and asymmetry causality.

Determinants of trade openness are available in the literature; however, no substantial evidence available for the nexus between environmental quality, institutional quality, and trade openness with the presence of FDI as a mediating factor. With this study, we tried to figure out the answer to the question, i.e., whether the relationship between EQ, IQ, and TO is symmetric or asymmetric, provided that FDI is a mediating factor by performing ARDL, CS-ARDL, and nonlinear ARDL for 1982-2019. Furthermore, directional causality also evaluates by following the non-Granger causality test with symmetry and asymmetry of EQ, IQ, and FDI in respective equations. Study findings with ARDL and CS-ARDL document that positive outcomes are running from EQ, IQ, and FDI to trade openness, especially in the long run. Furthermore, asymmetric estimation establishes asymmetry shocks in EQ, IQ, and FDI which are positively linked with trade openness, especially in the long run. Moreover, the Wald test results ascertain the presence of asymmetry both in the long run and short run. The directional casualty with symmetry effects of EQ, IQ, and FDI disclosure feedback hypothesis explains trade openness's causal effects. Besides, causality test with asymmetry divulges feedback hypothesis available between EQ and trade openness, i.e., [EQ- TO: EQ+ TO] and IQ and trade openness [IQ- TO: IQ+ TO], on the other hand, unidirectional casualty running from positive shocks in foreign direct investment to trade openness [FDI+ TO].

Do Access to Finance, Technical Know-How, and Financial Literacy Offer Women Empowerment Through Women's Entrepreneurial Development?

The motivation of the study is to gauge the effects of access to finance, technical know-how, and financial literacy on women's empowerment through establishing women's entrepreneurial development. A sample of 950 women-owned SMEs was considered, and structured questionnaires were sent from getting target responses. After careful assessment through the data cleansing procedure, it was found that only 795 responses are suitable for further investigation, implying the sample response rate for the study is 74.71%. The study implemented structural equation modeling and multivariate regression analysis for gauging the causal association that is direct and indirect effects of target variables. According to findings, a positive statistically significant linkage was revealed with women's entrepreneurship sustainability and women empowerment. Furthermore, the mediating effects were also established for women's empowerment. According to the study findings, it is suggested that for women entrepreneurship sustainability, effective policies surrounding financing accessibility, technical knowledge expansion, and financial understating have to be promulgated in the economy, which allows bringing women empowerment at large.