Acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis in children: A case series and systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to present a case series and systematic review of acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis (AISS) in children in order to better characterize clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of this condition. DATA SOURCES: Ovid MEDLINE, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. STUDY SELECTION: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Full-text, peer-reviewed journal publications from 1994 to 2020 in English; focus on acute sphenoid sinusitis; pediatric patients (<18 years of age); series with two or more children. Studies were assessed for data including demographics, presenting symptoms and signs, radiological investigations, treatment, outcomes and complications. RESULTS: Ten studies identifying 71 patients were included. Average age at presentation was 12.0 years (range 5-17 years). M:F ratio 1:1. The most common presenting symptoms were headache (98.6%), fever (50.7%), nasal symptoms (22.5%) ocular symptoms (19.7%) and decreased level of consciousness (12.7%). Twenty patients (28.1%) had neurological signs. Twenty-three patients (32.4%) presented with headache in isolation. Unsuspected diagnosis at presentation was noted in 54.0%. Average time to initial presentation was 14.0 days (median = 5.5 days, range 1-90 days). The majority of children were treated with antibiotics (98.6%) with 31.0%, 2.8% and 2.8% also undergoing sinus surgery, revision sinus surgery and neurosurgery, respectively. Intracranial complications occurred in 16.9% of patients. Significant long term sequelae occurred in 2 children (2.8%) and one death (1.4%) was also reported. LIMITATIONS: All studies were retrospective case note reviews. CONCLUSIONS: Acute sphenoid sinusitis is a rare and difficult condition to diagnose in children. The majority of patients make a full recovery with appropriate treatment. If treatment is delayed however consequences can be life-threatening.

Assessment of bone status using the contact ultrasound bone analyser.

Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) was measured at the calcaneum in 367 healthy white schoolchildren (193 girls and 174 boys) aged 6-15 years. The mean calcaneal BUA increased with age and was significantly related to age, height, and weight. Measurement of calcaneal BUA may be helpful in the radiation free assessment of childhood disorders associated with increased fracture risk.