Metal elements in atmospheric aerosols during different pollution events in the coastal region of the Yellow Sea: Concentration, solubility and deposition flux.

Atmospheric aerosol (including total suspended particulate (TSP) samples and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples) and precipitation samples were collected in Qingdao from May 2020 to June 2021. The concentrations of metal elements on fog days were 0.28-0.56 times that on clean days; those on haze-fog (HF), haze and dust days were 0.76-2.7, 1.2-3.6 and 1.7-5.7 times those on clean days, respectively. Compared with that on clean days, the solubility of metals on fog, HF and haze days increased by 4 %-193 %, but that on dust days decreased by 1 %-62 %. The dry deposition fluxes of dissolved Al, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd were the highest on HF or haze days, which were 2.2-15 times clean days. The dry deposition fluxes of metals accounted for 56 %-89 % of the total deposition fluxes (including dry and wet deposition).

Arctigenin from Fructus arctii Exhibits Antiaging Effects via Autophagy Induction, Antioxidative Stress, and Increase in Telomerase Activity in Yeast.

Aging is often accompanied by irreversible decline in body function, which causes a large number of age-related diseases and brings a huge economic burden to society and families. Many traditional Chinese medicines have been known to extend lifespan, but it has still been a challenge to isolate a single active molecule from them and verify the mechanism of anti-aging action. Drugs that inhibit senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs) are called "senomorphics". In this study, arctigenin (ATG), a senomorphic, was screened from the Chinese medicine Fructus arctii using K6001 yeast replicative lifespan. Autophagy, oxidative stress, and telomerase activity are key mechanisms related to aging. We found that ATG may act through multiple mechanisms to become an effective anti-aging molecule. In exploring the effect of ATG on autophagy, it was clearly observed that ATG significantly enhanced autophagy in yeast. We further verified that ATG can enhance autophagy by targeting protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), leading to an increased lifespan. Meanwhile, we evaluated the antioxidant capacity of ATG and found that ATG increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels to improve the survival of yeast under oxidative stress. In addition, ATG was able to increase telomerase activity by enhancing the expression of EST1, EST2, and EST3 genes in yeast. In conclusion, ATG exerts anti-aging effects through induction of autophagy, antioxidative stress, and enhancement of telomerase activity in yeast, which is recognized as a potential molecule with promising anti-aging effects, deserving in-depth research in the future.

ß-Cyclocitral from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Exerts Anti-Aging Effects on Yeasts and Mammalian Cells via Telomere Protection, Antioxidative Stress, and Autophagy Activation.

We used a replicative lifespan (RLS) experiment of K6001 yeast to screen for anti-aging compounds within lavender extract (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), leading to the discovery of ß-cyclocitral (CYC) as a potential anti-aging compound. Concurrently, the chronological lifespan (CLS) of YOM36 yeast and mammalian cells confirmed the anti-aging effect of CYC. This molecule extended the yeast lifespan and inhibited etoposide (ETO)-induced cell senescence. To understand the mechanism of CYC, we analyzed its effects on telomeres, oxidative stress, and autophagy. CYC administration resulted in notable increases in the telomerase content, telomere length, and the expression of the telomeric shelterin protein components telomeric-repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) and repressor activator protein 1 (RAP1). More interestingly, CYC reversed H2O2-induced telomere damage and exhibited strong antioxidant capacity. Moreover, CYC improved the survival rate of BY4741 yeast under oxidative stress induced by 6.2 mM H2O2, increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity while reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Additionally, CYC enhanced autophagic flux and free green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the YOM38-GFP-ATG8 yeast strain. However, CYC did not extend the RLS of K6001 yeast mutants, such as Δsod1, Δsod2, Δcat, Δgpx, Δatg2, and Δatg32, which lack antioxidant enzymes or autophagy-related genes. These findings reveal that CYC acts as an anti-aging agent by modifying telomeres, oxidative stress, and autophagy. It is a promising compound with potential anti-aging effects and warrants further study.

Bioaerosols in the coastal region of Qingdao: Community diversity, impact factors and synergistic effect.

Atmospheric bioaerosols are influenced by multiple factors, including physical, chemical, and biotic interactions, and pose a significant threat to the public health and the environment. The nonnegligible truth however is that the primary driver of the changes in bioaerosol community diversity remains unknown. In this study, putative biological association (PBA) was obtained by constructing an ecological network. The relationship between meteorological conditions, atmospheric pollutants, water-soluble inorganic ions, PBA and bioaerosol community diversity was analyzed using random forest regression (RFR)-An ensemble learning algorithm based on a decision tree that performs regression tasks by constructing multiple decision trees and integrating the predicted results, and the contribution of different rich species to PBA was predicted. The species richness, evenness and diversity varied significantly in different seasons, with the highest in summer, followed by autumn and spring, and was lowest in winter. The RFR suggested that the explanation rate of alpha diversity increased significantly from 73.74 % to 85.21 % after accounting for the response of the PBA to diversity. The PBA, temperature, air pollution, and marine source air masses were the most crucial factors driving community diversity. PBA, particularly putative positive association (PPA), had the highest significance in diversity. We found that under changing external conditions, abundant taxa tend to cooperate to resist external pressure, thereby promoting PPA. In contrast, rare taxa were more responsive to the putative negative association because of their sensitivity to environmental changes. The results of this research provided scientific advance in the understanding of the dynamic and temporal changes in bioaerosols, as well as support for the prevention and control of microbial contamination of the atmosphere.

Mixture of Peanut Skin Extract, Geniposide, and Isoquercitrin Improves the Hepatic Lipid Accumulation of Mice via Modification of Gut Microbiota Homeostasis and the TLR4 and AMPK Signaling Pathways.

Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly known as NAFLD) is a global chronic liver disease, and no licensed drugs are currently available for its treatment. The incidence of MASLD is increasing, which could lead to a huge clinical and economic burden. As a multifactorial disease, MASLD involves a complex set of metabolic changes, and many monotherapies for it are not clinically effective. Therefore, combination therapies using multiple drugs are emerging, with the advantages of improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects. Peanut skin extract (PSE), geniposide (GEN), and isoquercitrin (IQ) are three natural antiaging components or compounds. In this study, the preventive effects of individual PSE, GEN, and IQ in comparison with the effects of their mixture (MPGI) were examined in a mouse model of high-fat-feed-induced MASLD. The results showed that MPGI could significantly reduce the body and liver weights of mice and improve hepatic steatosis and liver function indicators. Further mechanistic studies showed that PSE, GEN, and IQ worked together by reducing inflammation, modulating the intestinal flora, and regulating the TLR4/NF-κB, AMPK/ACC/CPT1, and AMPK/UKL1/LC3B signaling pathways. It is a promising therapeutic method for preventing MASLD.

Isoquercitrin from Apocynum venetum L. Exerts Antiaging Effects on Yeasts via Stress Resistance Improvement and Mitophagy Induction through the Sch9/Rim15/Msn Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: With the development of an aging sociality, aging-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, are dramatically increasing. To find small molecules from natural products that can prevent the aging of human beings and the occurrence of these diseases, we used the lifespan assay of yeast as a bioassay system to screen an antiaging substance. Isoquercitrin (IQ), an antiaging substance, was isolated from Apocynum venetum L., an herbal tea commonly consumed in Xinjiang, China. AIM OF THE STUDY: In the present study, we utilized molecular-biology technology to clarify the mechanism of action of IQ. METHODS: The replicative lifespans of K6001 yeasts and the chronological lifespans of YOM36 yeasts were used to screen and confirm the antiaging effect of IQ. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, the survival assay of yeast under stresses, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting analyses, the replicative-lifespan assay of mutants, such as Δsod1, Δsod2, Δgpx, Δcat, Δskn7, Δuth1, Δatg32, Δatg2, and Δrim15 of K6001, autophagy flux analysis, and a lifespan assay of K6001 yeast after giving a mitophagy inhibitor and activator were performed. RESULTS: IQ extended the replicative lifespans of the K6001 yeasts and the chronological lifespans of the YOM36 yeasts. Furthermore, the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) showed no change during the growth phase but significantly decreased in the stationary phase after treatment with IQ. The survival rates of the yeasts under oxidative- and thermal-stress conditions improved upon IQ treatment, and thermal stress was alleviated by the increasing superoxide dismutase (Sod) activity. Additionally, IQ decreased the ROS and MDA of the yeast while increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. However, it could not prolong the replicative lifespans of Δsod1, Δsod2, Δgpx, Δcat, Δskn7, and Δuth1 of K6001. IQ significantly increased autophagy and mitophagy induction, the presence of free green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the cytoplasm, and ubiquitination in the mitochondria of the YOM38 yeasts at the protein level. IQ did not prolong the replicative lifespans of Δatg2 and Δatg32 of K6001. Moreover, IQ treatment led to a decrease in Sch9 at the protein level and an increase in the nuclear translocation of Rim15 and Msn2. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the Sch9/Rim15/Msn signaling pathway, as well as antioxidative stress, anti-thermal stress, and autophagy, were involved in the antiaging effects of IQ in the yeasts.

Involvement of the Sch9/Rim15/Msn2 signaling pathway in the anti-aging activity of dendrobine from Dendrobium nobile Lindl. via modification of oxidative stress and autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Aging is an important pathogenic factor of age-related diseases and has brought huge health threat and economic burden to the society. Dendrobium nobile Lindl., a valuable herb in China, promotes longevity according to the record of ancient Chinese materia medica. This study aimed to discover the material basis of D. nobile as an anti-aging herb and elucidate its action mechanism. METHODS: K6001 yeast replicative lifespan assay was used to guide the isolation of D. nobile. The chronological lifespan assay of YOM36 yeast was further conducted to confirm the anti-aging activity of dendrobine. The mechanism in which dendrobine exerts anti-aging effect was determined by conducting anti-oxidative stress assay, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, measurements of anti-oxidant enzymes activities, determination of nuclear translocation of Rim15 and Msn2, and replicative lifespan assays of Δsod1, Δsod2, Δcat, Δgpx, Δatg2, Δatg32, and Δrim15 yeasts. RESULTS: Under the guidance of K6001 yeast replicative lifespan system, dendrobine with anti-aging effect was isolated from D. nobile. The replicative and chronological lifespans of yeast were extended upon dendrobine treatment. In the study of action mechanism, dendrobine improved the survival rate of yeast under oxidative stress, decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and enhanced the enzyme activities and gene expression of superoxide dismutase and catalase, but it failed to elongate the replicative lifespans of Δsod1, Δsod2, Δcat, and Δgpx yeast mutants. Meanwhile, dendrobine enhanced autophagy occurrence in yeast but had no effect on the replicative lifespans of Δatg2 and Δatg32 yeast mutants. Moreover, the inhibition of Sch9 phosphorylation and the promotion of nuclear translocation of Rim15 and Msn2 were observed after treatment with denrobine. However, the effect of dendrobine disappeared from the Δrim15 yeast mutant after lifespan extension, oxidative stress reduction, and autophagy enhancement. CONCLUSIONS: Dendrobine exerts anti-aging activity in yeast via the modification of oxidative stress and autophagy through the Sch9/Rim15/Msn2 signaling pathway. Our work provides a scientific basis for the exploitation of D. nobile as an anti-aging herb.

Characteristics, seasonal variations, and dry deposition fluxes of carbonaceous and water-soluble organic components in atmospheric aerosols over China's marginal seas.

A total of 37 atmospheric aerosol samples were collected over the Yellow and Bohai Seas (YBS) during four cruises in autumn, winter, spring and summer from 2017 to 2018. The concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) ranged from 1.04 to 15.43 µg m-3 and 0.77-5.49 µg m-3, respectively, with higher values in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. WSOC contributed 68.49 % to OC in summer and 34.55 % in winter and was affected by temperature and relative humidity. Dicarboxylic acid showed a predominance of oxalic acid followed by malonic and then succinic acids. The contributions of secondary sources to OC and WSOC were 54 % and 65.3 %, respectively, indicating the importance of secondary aging in improving the water solubility of OC. The dry deposition flux of WSOC over the YBS was estimated to be 0.87 mg m-2 d-1, which might play a potential role in the marine carbon cycle.

An environment-friendly approach using deep eutectic solvent combined with liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets for simultaneous determination of preservatives in beverages.

With the increase in environmental protection awareness, the development of strategies to reduce the use of organic solvent used during the extraction process has attracted wide attention. A simple and green ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction combined with liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of five preservatives (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, isobutyl paraben) in beverages. Extraction conditions including the volume of DES, value of pH, and concentration of salt were statistically optimized through response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design. Complex Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexGAPI) was successfully used to estimate the greenness of the developed method and compare with the previous methods. As a result, the established method was linear, precise, and accurate over the range of 0.5-20 µg mL-1. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.15-0.20 µg mL-1 and 0.40-0.45 µg mL-1, respectively. The recoveries of all five preservatives ranged from 85.96% to 110.25%, with relative standard deviation less than 6.88% (intra-day) and 4.93% (inter-day). The greenness of the present method is significantly better compared with the previous reported methods. Additionally, the proposed method was successfully applied to analysis of preservatives in beverages and is a potentially promising technique for drink matrices.

A new gentiopicroside derivative improves cognitive deficits of AD mice via activation of Wnt signaling pathway and regulation of gut microbiota homeostasis.

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, we found that gentiopicroside (GPS) isolated from Gentiana rigescens Franch has a significant antiaging activity via regulation of mitophagy and oxidative stress. In order to increase the anti-aging activity of GPS, several compounds based on the chemical structure of GPS were synthesized and evaluated for bioactivity with yeast replicative lifespan assay, and 2H-gentiopicroside (2H-GPS) as leading compound was selected for AD treatment. PURPOSE AND METHODS: To investigate whether 2H-GPS has anti- Alzheimer's disease effects, we used D-galactose (Dgal)-induced model mice to evaluate the effect of 2H-GPS on AD mice. Furthermore, we explored the action mechanism of this compound with RT-PCR, Western Blot, ELISA and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. RESULTS: Memory dysfunction and reduction in the number of neurons in the brain of mice were observed in Dgal treated group. These symptoms of AD mice were significantly relieved by administering 2H-GPS and donepezil (Done), respectively. In the Dgal only treated group, the protein levels of ß-catenin, REST and phosphorylated GSK-3ß, involved in the Wnt signaling pathway were significantly decreased, whereas the protein levels of GSK-3ß, Tau, phosphorylated Tau, P35 and PEN-2 were significantly increased. Importantly, treatment with 2H-GPS resulted in restoration of memory dysfunction and levels of these proteins. Furthermore, the composition of the gut microbiota after 2H-GPS administration was explored through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Moreover, the mice, in which depleted gut microbiota with antibiotic cocktail (ABX), were used for evaluation of whether the gut microbiota is involved to the effect of 2H-GPS. Significant changes in gut microbiota composition were observed between AD and 2H-GPS-treated AD mice, and ABX partially eliminated the AD-restoring effect of 2H-GPS. CONCLUSION: 2H-GPS improves the symptoms of AD mice through combination of the regulation of Wnt signaling pathway and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and the mechanism of action of 2H-GPS is distinct from that of Done.

First report of jujube anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum siamense in China.

Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.), a native small deciduous tree of China, is widely cultivated in China, Korea, India, Japan, Europe, and the United States (Chen et al. 2020). The fruit have been commonly consumed as healthy food supplements and traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years (Li et al. 2007). In August 2019, anthracnose-like leaf spot symptoms were observed on jujube plants in Xiaomenya Village, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China (36°27'39″N, 117°3'13″E), with over 30% leaf disease incidence. The spots were circular, sunken, brown in the center and with dark brown edges. As the spots enlarged and coalesced, it resulted in leaf perforation and early defoliation. Sometimes acervuli were observed on the lesions (Fig. S1a, b). To identify the causal agent, 20 diseased leaves were sampled, the margins of the lesions were cut into pieces (5 × 5 mm), sterilized and cultured following the protocol described previously (Wan et al. 2020) at 25 ℃ for 5 days. Twelve monospore isolates showing identical colony morphology were obtained. Three representative isolates, JNZG11, JNZG311, JNZG313, were used for further study. When grown on PDA the colony color was initially white and then turned pale-gray to gray in 5-day-old cultures. On the reverse, colonies were brown-black with an orange pigmentation near the center. Aerial mycelium was cottony, dense, white to pale-gray. Conidia were hyaline, 1-celled, smooth-walled, subcylindrical, oblong, attenuated with slightly rounded ends, (11.1-) 12.7-13.3 (-17.8) ×(-4.4) 5.2-5.5 (-6.3) µm (n=50). Appressoria were dark-brown, oval or irregular, (7.3-) 8.6-9.2 (-9.8) ×(-5.1) 5.8-6.9 (-7.0) µm (n=50) (Fig. S1c-g). The morphology resembled those of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (Cannon et al. 2012). For accurate identification, the sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), ß-tub2 (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of the 3 isolates were sequenced (Weir et al. 2012), and deposited into GenBank (Accession Nos. see Table 1). The six loci (ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CHS-1, CAL, and TUB2) were concatenated and the aligned sequences (1904 bp) were 99.7% homologous to ex-type C. siamense ICMP18578. The sequences of 38 Colletotrichum species (44 isolates) were downloaded from GenBank for phylogenetic analyses. In the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree generated, the highest log likelihood was -8798.90 and the three isolates were all in the C. siamense clade (bootstrap support 94 %) (Fig. S2). To complete Koch's postulates, 60 healthy, mature jujube leaves on 12 branches (5 leaves per branch) (variety 'Zhongqiuhong') were inoculated with 20 µL of spore suspension (106 conidia/mL) or sterile water as a control. The branches were placed in sterile beakers containing a small amount of sterile water sealed with plastic wrap and maintained at 28 °C, 12 h light/dark. Five days after inoculation, all treated leaves showed the typical anthracnose symptom, similar to that observed in the field (Fig. S1h). The same fungus was re-isolated from the margins of the lesions using the aforementioned methods. Whereas no fungus were isolated from the controls. Previously, C. siamense has been reported to infect Z. mauritiana in China (Shu et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing anthracnose on Z. jujuba in China. This finding provides crucial information for the effective management of this disease.

[Distribution of Bacterial Concentration and Viability in Atmospheric Bioaerosols Under Different Weather Conditions in the Coastal Region of Qingdao].

Bacteria are the most abundant microorganisms in atmospheric bioaerosols, widely distributed in the environment. Bioaerosol samples were collected using the FA-1 impact sampler from October 2013 to January 2021 in the coastal city of Qingdao, and samples stained with a BacLightTM bacterial viability kit were used to measure the concentrations of viable and non-viable bacteria with an epifluorescence microscope. The viable and non-viable bacteria in bioaerosols were characterized during different seasons, with particular attention paid to the distribution characteristics of bacteria on foggy, hazy, and dust days. The results showed that the mean concentrations of total bacteria were (1.06±0.68)×105 cells·m-3 in Qingdao during the sampling period, and those of viable and non-viable bacteria were (8.20±4.88)×103 cells·m-3and (9.74±6.72)×104 cells·m-3, respectively. The seasonal concentrations of non-viable bacteria were the highest in spring and winter and the lowest in summer, whereas that of viable bacteria was highest in spring, followed by those in summer and autumn, and the lowest in winter. Atmospheric bacterial concentrations fluctuated with by month, and total bacteria presented a similar variation pattern with that of non-viable bacteria. The monthly average concentration of non-viable bacteria showed the highest value in March during the spring and the lowest in June during the summer in 2021, whereas the highest value for viable bacteria occurred in May during the spring in 2021 and the lowest in December during the winter in 2020. Viable bacteria concentrations were significantly positively correlated with temperature and significantly negatively correlated with NO2, SO2, and CO. Non-viable bacteria were significantly positively correlated with PM. The bacteria in bioaerosol particles showed bimodal, unimodal, and skewed size distributions, varying with season and month. Under different weather conditions, the concentration of non-viable bacteria on dusty days was significantly higher than that on sunny, foggy, or hazy days, but the bacteria viability was as low as 6.85% due to long-distance transport. Anthropogenic pollution resulted in the lowest viability of bacteria at 4.10% on hazy days, whereas the highest viability in bacteria was 16.26% on foggy days due to high humidity. The size distribution of bacteria in bioaerosol particles under different pollution days showed a bimodal distribution, and the peak size depended on the weather type.

Decrease of bioaerosols in westerlies from Chinese coast to the northwestern Pacific: Case data comparisons.

The dissemination of bioaerosols in the westerly wind from the Asian continent to the northwestern Pacific constantly links the land and marine ecosystems. Several observation campaigns targeting bioaerosols were conducted in the coastal city Qingdao of China (QD), at a coast site of Kumamoto in southwestern Japan (KM), and in the northwestern Pacific (NP) between 2014 and 2016. We compared the concentration of bioaerosols in the range of 1.1-7.0 µm obtained in those campaigns to investigate their variation in the westerly wind. The substantial influence of westerlies on bioaerosol concentration was confirmed in the three areas. In the case of non-dust air, the arrival of the continental air led to a 29 % decrease of bioaerosols at KM while a 57 % increase at NP, indicating that the concentration in non-dust air was lower than the local level in the island air while higher than that in the remote marine air. In case of dust occurrence, bioaerosols in the air decreased with the distance from the Asian continent at KM and NP consecutively, and the arrival of the air caused a 2-fold increase at KM and a 1.7-fold increase at NP. The relative concentration increase rate of bioaerosols (IRRC), defined as the ratio of the increment of bioaerosols caused by long-distance transported air to the local level in each area, decreased rapidly after the air left the continent in the dust cases, which is similar to the decrease of the dry deposition flux of dust reported in the literature. This result indicates that the reduction of bioaerosols in the dusty air was likely dominated by the removal of bioaerosols attached to dust particles.

Neuritogenic steroid glycosides from crown-of-thorns starfish: Possible involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and attenuation of cognitive impairment in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8) by peripheral administration.

Novel steroid glycosides, acanthasterosides A1, B1, and B3, have been isolated from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Acanthasterosides B1 and B3 having two separated xyloses induced neurite outgrowth as like as nerve growth factor (NGF) in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, whereas acanthasteroside A1, having one xylose, did not induce neurite outgrowth. The acanthasteroside B3 induced neuritogenesis via the significant activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase after the activation of the small G-protein Cdc42 rather than via Ras-MEK-ERK pathway that is predominantly activated by NGF. Following subcutaneous administration, acanthasteroside B3 attenuated cognitive impairment of senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8) in two different cognitive tests. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-assisted quantitative analysis demonstrated that acanthasteroside B3 could be transported into the brain via the circulatory system in mice. Thus, acanthasteroside B3 (and possibly B1) are a novel class of potential drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases.

Cauda Equina Syndrome Caused by Intradural Bone Graft Materials After Endoscopic Lumbar Fusion.

A 53-year-old man presented to the emergency department with severe lower back pain, saddle anesthesia, and urinary dysfunction. He had undergone endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion for highly migrated lumbar disk herniation and lumbar instability 10 days ago. Emergency computed tomography showed that the bone graft materials had migrated to the sacral canal, and a mass with low intensity was seen located at the end of the dural cavity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. It was suspected that the bone graft materials had migrated into the dural cavity at the operative level and fallen into the end of the dural cavity due to gravity, causing acute cauda equina syndrome (CES). After emergency durotomy, the bone graft materials were completely removed. At the 18-month follow-up, the patient recovered without further complications. This procedure resulted in a rare case of CES caused by intradural bone graft after endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion. Spine surgeons should be aware of this rare but potentially dangerous complication, especially in water-based endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion. This case report shows that early recognition and prompt treatment can significantly improve the symptoms of CES, including saddle numbness and bladder dysfunction. [Orthopedics. 2023;46(6):e384-e386.].

Gentirigeoside B from Gentiana rigescens Franch Prolongs Yeast Lifespan via Inhibition of TORC1/Sch9/Rim15/Msn Signaling Pathway and Modification of Oxidative Stress and Autophagy.

Gentirigeoside B (GTS B) is a dammaren-type triterpenoid glycoside isolated from G. rigescens Franch, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. In the present study, the evaluation of the anti-aging effect and action mechanism analysis for this compound were conducted. GTS B significantly extended the replicative lifespan and chronological lifespan of yeast at doses of 1, 3 and 10 µM. Furthermore, the inhibition of Sch9 and activity increase of Rim15, Msn2 proteins which located downstream of TORC1 signaling pathway were observed after treatment with GTS B. Additionally, autophagy of yeast was increased. In addition, GTS B significantly improved survival rate of yeast under oxidative stress conditions as well as reduced the levels of ROS and MDA. It also increased the gene expression and enzymatic activities of key anti-oxidative enzymes such as Sod1, Sod2, Cat and Gpx. However, this molecule failed to extend the lifespan of yeast mutants such as ∆cat, ∆gpx, ∆sod1, ∆sod2, ∆skn7 and ∆uth1. These results suggested that GTS B exerts an anti-aging effect via inhibition of the TORC1/Sch9/Rim15/Msn signaling pathway and enhancement of autophagy. Therefore, GTS B may be a promising candidate molecule to develop leading compounds for the treatment of aging and age-related disorders.

Isoquercitrin from Apocynum venetum L. produces an anti-obesity effect on obese mice by targeting C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, carbonyl reductase, and glutathione S-transferase P and modification of the AMPK/SREBP-1c/FAS/CD36 signaling pathway in mice in vivo.

In the present study, mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity were used in investigating the anti-obesity effects of an aqueous extract and isoquercitrin from Apocynum venetum L. The aqueous extract and the signal molecule isoquercitrin significantly reduced the body weight gain, food intake, water consumption, and fasting blood glucose, plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels of the obese mice. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of isoquercitrin was explored through RT-PCR analyses and uptake experiments of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sterol regulatory-element binding protein (SREBP-1c) inhibitors and glucose. The indexes of SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD), and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) in obese mice significantly increased but returned to normal levels after the administration of isoquercitrin. Meanwhile, the anti-obesity effect of isoquercitrin was diminished by the inhibitors of AMPK and SREBP-1c. In addition, intestinal glucose uptake in normal mice was significantly inhibited after the oral administration of isoquercitrin. Moreover, 2D gel electrophoresis based proteome-wide cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) showed that the potential target proteins of isoquercitrin were C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, carbonyl reductase, and glutathione S-transferase P. These results suggested that isoquercitrin produces an anti-obesity effect by targeting the above-mentioned proteins and regulating the AMPK/SREBP-1c signaling pathway and potentially prevents obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Texture Image Classification Based on Deep Learning and Wireless Sensor Technology.

The main purpose of the object detection process is to determine the category of the scene object and use the display 3D and 3D frame size. At present, in the case of 3D object detection, we can extract more accurate features by learning a large number of data, and this deep learning network has good results, but there is a very big problem, including the error of input information, extraction error, and so on. Therefore, solving the above problems has become an important direction to promote the rapid development of 3D target detection technology. This paper mainly studies the deep learning wireless sensor technology and also studies the deep learning infrared and visible image fusion. At the same time, based on the introduction of wireless sensor technology and research status, this paper summarizes the existing algorithms. Texture image classification is a more important visual cue in life. Because it will be affected by light intensity, noise size, image scale, and so on. This makes the classification and feature extraction of image scale and texture image more difficult. To solve these problems has become a hot topic of computer vision research in recent years. The shape of the point cloud is completed by using the 3D target detection method to complete the algorithm research. The radar point cloud is extracted by the 3D target detection method, and the radar point group of the overall shape of the object is obtained. The principal component analysis algorithm is used to extract the principal features of the radar point cloud with the complete shape of the object, and the more accurate 3D target frame is obtained after feature adjustment.

Characteristics of inhalable bioaerosols on foggy and hazy days and their deposition in the human respiratory tract.

Atmospheric bioaerosols contain live and dead biological components that can enter the human respiratory tract (HRT) and affect human health. Here, the total microorganisms in a coastal megacity, Qingdao, were characterized on the basis of long-term observations from October 2013 to January 2021. Particular attention was given to the size dependence of inhalable bioaerosols in concentration and respiratory deposition in different populations on foggy and hazy days. Bioaerosol samples stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were selected to measure the total airborne microbe (TAM) concentrations with an epifluorescence microscope, while a multiple-path particle dosimetry model was employed to calculate respiratory deposition. The mean TAM concentrations in the particle size range of 0.65-1.1 µm (TAM0.65-1.1) were 1.23, 2.02, 1.60 and 2.33 times those on sunny reference days relative to the corresponding values on days with slight, mild, moderate and severe levels of haze, respectively. The mean concentration of TAMs in the particle size range of 0.65-2.1 µm (TAM0.65-2.1) on severely hazy days was (2.02 ± 3.28) × 105 cells/m3, with a reduction of 4.16% relative to that on the reference days. The mean TAM0.65-2.1 concentration changed from (1.50 ± 1.37) × 105 cells/m3 to (1.76 ± 1.36) × 105 cells/m3, with TAM0.65-1.1 increasing from (7.91 ± 7.97) × 104 cells/m3 to (1.76 ± 1.33) × 105 cells/m3 on days with light fog days and medium fog, respectively. The modeling results showed that the majority of TAM0.65-2.1 deposition occurred in the extrathoracic (ET) region, followed by the alveolar (AL) region. When different populations were examined separately, the deposition doses (DDs) in adult females and in children ranked at the minimum value (6.19 × 103 cells/h) and maximum value (1.08 × 104 cells/h), respectively. However, the inhalation risks on polluted days, such as hazy, foggy and mixed hazy-foggy (HF) days, were still below the threshold for adverse impacts on human health.

Gastrodin From Gastrodia elata Enhances Cognitive Function and Neuroprotection of AD Mice via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Inhibition of Neuron Inflammation.

Gastrodin (Gas) is known to exhibit neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the detailed mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we focused on the microbiome-gut-brain axis to investigate the mechanism of action of Gas using a D-galactose (Dgal)-induced AD model. Gas reversed the memory dysfunction of Dgal-administered mice. Neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were reduced in the Dgal-administered group, and the decrease of neurons was suppressed in 90 and 210 mg/kg Gas treatment groups. 16S rRNA sequence analysis was carried out to explore the composition of gut microbiota in fecal samples of mice. Gas treatment had a positive correlation with Firmicutes and had a negative correlation with Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Deferribaceters. Importantly, the LPS and proinflammatory cytokines in the brain increased in Dgal-administered mice, but these parameters recovered to normal levels after oral administration of Gas. To determine whether the microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved in the neuroprotective effect of Gas, the mice were given antibiotic cocktail before and during the trial period to decrease the gut microbiota of mice. The antibiotic cocktail partially eliminated the neuroprotective effect of Gas by changing the gut microbiome composition. These results indicated that Gas improves the memory of the AD mouse model via partly targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis and mitigating neuron inflammation.