Tfh Exosomes Derived from Allergic Rhinitis Promote DC Maturation Through miR-142-5p/CDK5/STAT3 Pathway.

Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in allergen signal presentation. Many studies showed that follicular helper T cells (Tfhs) are related to allergic rhinitis (AR). However, the relationship between Tfhs and DCs and the mechanism of their interaction with AR remain unclear. Purpose: To explore the mechanism of Tfhs on DC maturation in AR. Methods: Tfhs were isolated from OVA-sensitized mice and co-cultured with DCs derived from mouse bone marrow. DCs maturity was monitored using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Exosomes of Tfhs were extracted, and miRNAs inside exosomes were analyzed using RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed genes. Using the TargetScan algorithm, it was predicted that CDK5 is a direct target gene, which is validated in a dual luciferase assay. DCs were treated with miR-142-5p mimics or inhibitors or transfected with CDK5 small interfering RNAs to verify the regulatory effects of miR-142-5p and CDK5 on DC maturation. How CDK5 regulates STAT3 signaling pathway was investigated to elucidate the molecular mechanism of DC maturation. Finally, in an in vivo experiment, the exosomes of AR-derived Tfhs were injected intravenously to detect their promotion of AR. Results: Tfh exosomes derived from AR mice contributed to DC maturation. RNA-seq results showed that miR-142-5p was the differentially decreased gene. Using the TargetScan algorithm, it was predicted that CDK5 was the target gene for the direct action of miR-142-5p. By detecting the effects of changes in the expression levels of miR-142-5p and CDK5 on DC maturation, it was demonstrated that miR-142-5p inhibits DC maturation by inhibiting CDK5 expression. CDK5-regulated STAT3 signaling pathway during DC maturation, and inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway can reverse the regulation of miR-142-5p/CDK5 on DC maturation. Finally, in vivo experiment indicated that the injection of AR-derived Tfhs promoted AR in mice. Conclusion: Tfh-derived exosomes induce DC maturation by regulating miR-142-5p/CDK5/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the occurrence of AR.

Doxorubicin-loaded glycyrrhetinic acid modified recombinant human serum albumin nanoparticles for targeting liver tumor chemotherapy.

Due to overexpression of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) receptor in liver cancer cells, glycyrrhetinic acid modified recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) nanoparticles for targeting liver tumor cells may result in increased therapeutic efficacy and decreased adverse effects of cancer therapy. In this study, doxorubicin (DOX) loaded and glycyrrhetinic acid modified recombinant human serum albumin nanoparticles (DOX/GA-rHSA NPs) were prepared for targeting therapy for liver cancer. GA was covalently coupled to recombinant human serum albumin nanoparticles, which could efficiently deliver DOX into liver cancer cells. The resultant GA-rHSA NPs exhibited uniform spherical shape and high stability in plasma with fixed negative charge (∼-25 mV) and a size about 170 nm. DOX was loaded into GA-rHSA NPs with a maximal encapsulation efficiency of 75.8%. Moreover, the targeted NPs (DOX/GA-rHSA NPs) showed increased cytotoxic activity in liver tumor cells compared to the nontargeted NPs (DOX/rHSA NPs, DOX loaded recombinant human serum albumin nanoparticles without GA conjugating). The targeted NPs exhibited higher cellular uptake in a GA receptor-positive liver cancer cell line than nontargeted NPs as measured by both flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biodistribution experiments showed that DOX/GA-rHSA NPs exhibited a much higher level of tumor accumulation than nontargeted NPs at 1 h after injection in hepatoma-bearing Balb/c mice. Therefore, the DOX/GA-rHSA NPs could be considered as an efficient nanoplatform for targeting drug delivery system for liver cancer.

Hyperglycemia induces the variations of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression in hippocampus and hypothalamus of diabetic rats.

In this paper, we first observed that there were differences in expressions of 11ß-HSD1 and PPAR-γ, in hippocampi and hypothalami, among constant hyperglycemia group, control group and the fluctuant glycemia group, using Immunohistochemical analysis. However, whether in expression o f 11ß-HSD1 or PPAR-γ, there were no statistic differences between the control group or the fluctuant glycemia group. So, we removed the fluctuant glycemia group, retaining only constant hyperglycemia group and control group, being fed for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of induction, 11ß-HSD1 expression increased and PPAR-γ expression decreased in the constant hyperglycemia group compared with control group, both in hippocampi and hypothalami, by Western Blot. The constant hyperglycemia group also showed impaired cognition in MORRIS watermaze, lower serum corticosterone level, and higher Serum ACTH concentration after 8 weeks. We inferred that the cognition impairment may be related to the abnormal expression of 11ß-HSD1 and PPAR-γ in central nerves system. As for 11ß-HSD1 is a regulating enzyme, converting the inactive 11-dehydrocorticosterone into the active glucocorticoid corticosterone, thus amplifying GC action in local tissues. It is also well known that high local GC levels can affect the cognitive function. In addition, PPAR-a protective receptor, which is related to cognition.