Superfine Nanodomain Engineering Unleashing Ferroelectricity in Incipient Ferroelectrics.

Incipient ferroelectrics have emerged as an attractive class of functional materials owing to their potential to be engineered for exotic ferroelectric behavior, holding great promise for expanding the ferroelectric family. However, thus far, their artificially engineered ferroelectricity has fallen far short of rivaling classic ferroelectrics. In this study, we address this challenge by developing a superfine nanodomain engineering strategy. By applying this approach to representative incipient ferroelectric of SrTiO3-based films, we achieve unprecedentedly strong ferroelectricity, not only surpassing previous records for incipient ferroelectrics but also being comparable to classic ferroelectrics. The remanent polarization of the thin film reaches up to 17.0 µC cm-2 with an ultrahigh Curie temperature of 973 K. Atomic-scale investigations elucidate the origin of this robust ferroelectricity in the emergent high-density superfine nanodomains spanning merely 3-10 unit cells. Combining experimental results with theoretical assessments, we unveil the underlying mechanism, where the intentionally introduced diluted foreign Fe element creates a deeper Landau energy well and promotes a short-range ordering of polarization. Our developed strategy significantly streamlines the design of unconventional ferroelectrics, providing a versatile pathway for exploring new and superior ferroelectric materials.

Seasonal dynamics of the microbiota and nutritional composition in bee bread from Apis cerana and Apis mellifera colonies.

Bee bread is a product of honeybees, which collect and ferment pollen, that contains highly nutritious and easily digestible active substances. However, its nutritional composition varies significantly with fermentation strains and seasonal changes. To unveil the patterns of microbial community and nutritional component changes in bee bread across seasons, we employed high-throughput techniques to assess the diversity of bacteria and fungi in bee bread. The results indicated that the compositions of bacteria and fungi in bee bread undergo significant seasonal variation, with noticeable changes in the microbial diversity of bee bread from different bee species. Subsequently, metabolomic analysis revealed high activity of glycerophospholipid metabolism in bee bread. Furthermore, our analysis identifaied noteworthy differences in nutritional components, including pH values, sugar content, and free amino acid levels, in bee bread across different seasons.

High Energy Storage Performance in BiFeO3-Based Lead-Free High-Entropy Ferroelectrics.

Dielectric capacitors are widely used in advanced electrical and electronic systems due to the rapid charge/discharge rates and high power density. High comprehensive energy storage properties are the ultimate ambition in the field of application achievements. Here, the high-entropy strategy is proposed to design and fabricate single-phase homogeneous (Bi0.5Ba0.1Sr0.1Ca0.2Na0.1)(Fe0.5Ti0.3Zr0.1Nb0.1)O3 ceramic, the hierarchical heterostructure including rhombohedral-tetragonal multiphase nanoclusters and locally disordered oxygen octahedral tilt can lead to the increased dielectric relaxation, diffused phase transition, diverse local polarization configurations, grain refinement, ultrasmall polar nanoregions, large random field, delayed polarization saturation and improved breakdown field. Accordingly, a giant Wrec ≈13.3 J cm-3 and a high η ≈78% at 66.4 kV mm-1 can be simultaneously achieved in the lead-free high-entropy BiFeO3-based ceramic, showing an obvious advantage in overall energy-storage properties over BiFeO3-based lead-free ceramics. Moreover, an ultrafast discharge rate (t0.9 = 18 ns) can be achieved at room temperature, concomitant with favorable temperature stability in the range of 20-160 °C, due to the enhanced diffuse phase transition and fast polarization response. This work provides a feasible pathway to design and generate dielectric materials exhibiting high comprehensive energy-storage performance.

Isolation, identification, and tolerance analysis of yeast during the natural fermentation process of Sidamo coffee beans.

Yeast, which plays a pivotal role in the brewing, food, and medical industries, exhibits a close relationship with human beings. In this study, we isolated and purified 60 yeast strains from the natural fermentation broth of Sidamo coffee beans to screen for indigenous beneficial yeasts. Among them, 25 strains were obtained through morphological characterization on nutritional agar medium from Wallerstein Laboratory (WL), with molecular biology identifying Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YBB-47 and the remaining 24 yeast strains identified as Pichia kudriavzevii. We investigated the fermentation performance, alcohol tolerance, SO2 tolerance, pH tolerance, sugar tolerance, temperature tolerance, ester production capacity, ethanol production capacity, H2S production capacity, and other brewing characteristics of YBB-33 and YBB-47. The results demonstrated that both strains could tolerate up to 3% alcohol by volume at a high sucrose mass concentration (400 g/L) under elevated temperature conditions (40 ℃), while also exhibiting a remarkable ability to withstand an SO2 mass concentration of 300 g/L at pH 3.2. Moreover, S. cerevisiae YBB-47 displayed a rapid gas production rate and strong ethanol productivity. whereas P. kudriavzevii YBB-33 exhibited excellent alcohol tolerance. Furthermore, this systematic classification and characterization of coffee bean yeast strains from the Sidamo region can potentially uncover additional yeasts that offer high-quality resources for industrial-scale coffee bean production.

Realizing Outstanding Energy Storage Performance in KBT-Based Lead-Free Ceramics via Suppressing Space Charge Accumulation.

The great potential of K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 (KBT) for dielectric energy storage ceramics is impeded by its low dielectric breakdown strength, thereby limiting its utilization of high polarization. This study develops a novel composition, 0.83KBT-0.095Na1/2Bi1/2ZrO3-0.075 Bi0.85Nd0.15FeO3 (KNBNTF) ceramics, demonstrating outstanding energy storage performance under high electric fields up to 425 kV cm-1: a remarkable recoverable energy density of 7.03 J cm-3, and a high efficiency of 86.0%. The analysis reveals that the superior dielectric breakdown resistance arises from effective mitigation of space charge accumulation at the interface, influenced by differential dielectric and conductance behaviors between grains and grain boundaries. Electric impedance spectra confirm the significant suppression of space charge accumulation in KNBNTF, attributable to the co-introduction of Na1/2Bi1/2ZrO3 and Bi0.85Nd0.15FeO3. Phase-field simulations reveal the emergence of a trans-granular breakdown mode in KNBNTF resulting from the mitigated interfacial polarization, impeding breakdown propagation and increasing dielectric breakdown resistance. Furthermore, KNBNTF exhibits a complex local polarization and enhances the relaxor features, facilitating high field-induced polarization and establishing favorable conditions for exceptional energy storage performance. Therefore, the proposed strategy is a promising design pathway for tailoring dielectric ceramics in energy storage applications.

Development and Validation of a Low-Cost Drilling Model.

Background: Simulation models enable learners to have repeated practise at their own time, to master the psycho-motor and sensory acuity aspects of surgery and build their confidence in the procedure. The study aims to develop and evaluate the feasibility of a low-cost drilling model to train surgeons in the drilling task. The model targets three aspects of drilling - (1) Reduce plunge depth, (2) Ability to differentiate between bone and medullary canal and (3) Increase accuracy drilling in various angles. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted after obtaining ethics approval. We invited Consultants in the field of Orthopaedic or Hand Surgery to form the 'expert' group, and the 'novice' group consisted of participants who had no prior experience in bone drilling. We developed a drilling simulator model made from a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe filled with liquid silicone. This model cost less than US$5. An electric Bosch drill (model GBM 10 RE) with a 1.4 mm K-wire 10 cm in length (6.5 cm outside the drill) was used for drilling. The main outcomes of the study were time taken for drilling, plunge depth, ability to penetrate the far cortex and accuracy. Results: Thirty-one participants were recruited into the study, of which 15 were experts and 16 were novices. The experts performed significantly better for plunge depth (t = -3.65, p = 0.0003) and accuracy (t = -2.07, p = 0.04). The experts required 20% less time to complete the drilling tasks, but it was not statistically significant (t = -0.79, p = 0.43). Conclusions: The low-cost drilling model could be useful in training Residents in the drilling task. It will allow Residents to practise independently at their own time and assess their own performance.

Near-Zero Energy Consumption Capacitors by Controlling Inhomogeneous Polarization Configuration.

Taking into account the need for energy conservation, achieving near-zero energy loss, namely ultrahigh efficiency (η), in energy storage capacitors with large recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) plays an important role in applications, which is one of the major challenges in dielectric energy storage field. Here, guided by phase-field simulation, inhomogeneous polarization configuration with multiple symmetries and polarization magnitudes is controlled through aliovalent strongly polar double ion design to establish a strongly disordered state. A record-high η of ≈97.4% is realized in lead-free relaxors with a large Wrec of ≈8.6 J cm-3, which also give a giant Wrec of ≈11.6 J cm-3 with an ultrahigh η of ≈96.1% through high-energy ball milling, showing a breakthrough progress in ceramic capacitors with a maximum figure of merit of 330. This work demonstrates that controlling inhomogeneous polarization configuration is an effective avenue to develop new high-performance near-zero energy loss energy storage capacitors.

Ultrahigh-Efficiency Superior Energy Storage in Lead-Free Films with a Simple Composition.

Dielectric capacitors are highly desired in modern electronic devices and power systems to store and recycle electric energy. However, achieving simultaneous high energy density and efficiency remains a challenge. Here, guided by theoretical and phase-field simulations, we are able to achieve a superior comprehensive property of ultrahigh efficiency of 90-94% and high energy density of 85-90 J cm-3 remarkably in strontium titanate (SrTiO3), a linear dielectric of a simple chemical composition, by manipulating local symmetry breaking through introducing Ti/O defects. Atomic-scale characterizations confirm that these Ti/O defects lead to local symmetry breaking and local lattice strains, thus leading to the formation of the isolated ultrafine polar nanoclusters with varying sizes from 2 to 8 nm. These nanoclusters account for both considerable dielectric polarization and negligible polarization hysteresis. The present study opens a new realm of designing high-performance dielectric capacitors utilizing a large family of readily available linear dielectrics with very simple chemistry.

Causal association between tea consumption and head and neck cancer: a Mendelian randomization study.

Although evidence supports an observational association between tea consumption and susceptibility to head and neck cancer, the causal nature of this association remains unclear. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine the causal effects of tea consumption on head and neck cancer. We employed a fixed-effects inverse variance-weighted model for the MR analysis. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data for tea consumption were obtained from the UK Biobank Consortium, and GWAS data for head and neck cancer were derived from two data sources and were used as the outcomes. Our MR analysis revealed limited evidence for a causal relationship between various types of tea intake and head and neck cancer. After adjustment for smoking and alcohol consumption, there was no causal relationship between tea consumption and head and neck cancer. Further experimental studies are required to confirm its potential role in these malignancies.

Compromise Optimized Superior Energy Storage Performance in Lead-Free Antiferroelectrics by Antiferroelectricity Modulation and Nanodomain Engineering.

Lead-free antiferroelectrics with excellent energy storage performance can become the core components of the next-generation advanced pulse power capacitors. However, the low energy storage efficiency caused by the hysteresis of antiferroelectric-ferroelectric transition largely limits their development toward miniaturization, lightweight, and integration. In this work, an ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density of ≈11.4 J cm-3 with a high efficiency of ≈80% can be realized in La-modified Ag0.5 Na0.5 NbO3 antiferroelectric ceramics at an ultrahigh breakdown electric field of ≈67 kV mm-1 by the compromise optimization between antiferroelectricity enhancement and nanodomain engineering, resulting in the transformation of large-size ferrielectric antipolar stripe domains into ultrasmall antiferroelectric nanodomains or polarization nanoregions revealing as Moiré fringe structures. In addition, the enhanced transparency with increasing La content can also be clearly observed. This work not only develops new lead-free antiferroelectric energy storage materials with high application potential but also demonstrates that the strategy of compromise optimization between antiferroelectricity modulation and nanodomain engineering is an effective avenue to enhance the energy storage performance of antiferroelectrics.

Exploring the Effect of Compound Glycyrrhizin and Silybinin on the Metabolism of Pexidartinib in Rats Based on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9.

Pexidartinib offered a new therapeutic option for adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) who were refractory to surgical treatment and had severe morbidity or functional limitations. Meanwhile, the metabolism of pexidartinib was mainly mediated through the oxidation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and glucuronidation by uridine glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4 and attention shall be paid to CYP450-based drug-drug interactions during therapeutic dosing. This study aimed to examine the changes in the pharmacokinetics of pexidartinib by silymarin and compound glycyrrhizin on pexidartinib in vivo in rats by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV approach and to detect its expression in CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 using the western blot. The findings of chromatography experiments revealed that silybinin as well as compound glycyrrhizin increased the exposure of pexidartinib in rats and had a significant inhibitory effect on the metabolism of pexidartinib. The results of immunoblotting assays suggested that silybinin as well as compound glycyrrhizin inhibited the protein expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 in rats. Therefore, the combination of pexidartinib with silybinin and compound glycyrrhizin should be monitored to avoid clinical adverse effects.

Optimized Electrocaloric Refrigeration in Lead-Free NaNbO3-Based Ceramics via AFE ↔ FE Phase Transition Modulation.

An outstanding challenge for eco-friendly ferroelectric (FE) refrigeration is to achieve a large adiabatic temperature change within a broad temperature range originating from the electrocaloric (EC) effect, which is expected to be realized in antiferroelectric (AFE) materials owing to the large entropy change during electric field and thermally induced phase transition. In this work, a large EC response over a wide response temperature range can be achieved slightly above room temperature via designing the phase transition of NaNbO3. An irreversible to reversible AFE-FE phase transition on heating induced by the introduction of CaZrO3 into NaNbO3 plays a key role in the optimized electrocaloric refrigeration. Accordingly, accompanying the local structure transformation corresponding to the B-site ions, the transition temperature between the square polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop (the irreversible AFE-FE phase transition induced by the electric field) and the repeatable double P-E hysteresis loop (the electric field induced reversible AFE-FE phase transition) was tailored to around room temperature, in favor of extending large entropy change to the wide temperature range. This work provides an efficient approach to designing lead-free EC materials with excellent EC performance, promoting the advancement of environmentally friendly solid-state cooling technology.

First report of branch dieback caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott in China.

Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott (family Fabaceae Juss.) also called pagoda tree, is widely planted in northern China in landscape plantings, for erosion control and forestry. In recent years, symptoms of branch dieback were observed on S. japonicum in the southern part of Xinjiang province, China. From 2019 to 2022, in total ca. 1000 ha area was surveyed in Korla (41.68°N, 86.06°E), Bohu (41.95°N, 86.53°E) and Alaer (41.15°N, 80.29°E). Typical symptoms were observed in 70% of the surveyed branches. To identify the cause, we collected 50 symptomatic branches. Symptoms were initially observed on green current-year twigs, which turned grayish white in color. In the later stages of disease development, a large number of nacked black conidia formed under epidermis of perennial branches, causing visible black protrusions (pycnidia) on branch surface. The disease occurred throughout the entire growing season of S. japonicum. Symptoms also occurred on the inflorescence, fruit, and twigs. In some cases, infection resulted in tree mortality. Isolations were made from the margin between healthy and diseased tissues. Small pieces were excised, surface disinfested (75% ethanol 30 s, 1% NaClO solution 5 mins), cut into pieces (5 to 10 mm2), and incubated on PDA medium at 28℃ for 3 days. A total of 16 isolates (GH01-GH16) with similar colony morphology were obtained. The colonies were initially white, gradually turning to olive-green on the surface and black on the underside after 7 days. Microscopically, the conidia were aseptate, 1-septate, two-septate, and muriform, 2.6-4.5 × 2.9-27.6 µm (n=50). Pycnidia ranged in size from 120.2 to 135.5 × 112.4 to 118.6 µm (n=20). Those morphological characters matched the descriptions of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (previously N. novaehollandiae) (Alizadeh et al. 2022; Pavlic et al. 2008). For molecular identification, genomic DNA of GH01-GH16 were extracted from fresh mycelia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene were amplified using the primer sets ITS1/ITS4 (White 1990), LRoR/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990) and EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession No. OP379832, OQ096643-OQ096657 for ITS, OP389048, OQ127403-OQ127417 for LSU, and OQ136617, OQ586044-OQ586058 for EF1-α). The ITS sequence had 100% identity (505/505 bp) to MT362600. Similarly, the LSU and EF1-α sequences were found to be identical to MW883823 (100%, 821/821 bp) and KX464763(99%, 256/258 bp), respectively. Pathogenicity was tested on one-year-old healthy S. japonicum seedlings. Spores of representative isolate GH01 were produced on PDA by incubating for 7-days at 28℃. Conidia were washed with sterile water. Five trees were inoculated with 1 × 106 conidia/ml conidial suspensions and five trees were sprayed with sterile water. All trees were covered with plastic bags for 24 h and kept at 25°C in a greenhouse. Signs and symptoms were similar to those observed in field collections one month after inoculation, while no symptoms occurred on the controls. The original fungus was successfully reisolated from the inoculated trees and was identified as N. dimidiatum following the methods described above. N. dimidiatum has been reported in many Asian country such as Malaysia, India, Turkey, and Iran(Akgül et al. 2019; Alizadeh et al. 2022; Khoo et al. 2023; Salunkhe et al. 2023). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. dimidiatum associated with branch dieback of S. japonicum in China. Our findings have expanded the host range of N. dimidiatum in China and provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

AgNbO3-Based Multilayer Capacitors: Heterovalent-Ion-Substitution Engineering Achieves High Energy Storage Performances.

The demand for miniaturization and integration in next-generation advanced high-/pulsed-power devices has resulted in a strong desire for dielectric capacitors with high energy storage capabilities. However, practical applications of dielectric capacitors have been hindered by the challenge of poor energy-storage density (Urec) and efficiency (η) caused by large remanent polarization (Pr) and low breakdown strength (BDS). Herein, we take a method of heterovalent ion substitution engineering in combination with the multilayer capacitor (MLCC) technology and thus achieve a large maximum polarization (Pmax), zero Pr, and high BDS in the AgNbO3 (AN) system simultaneously and obtain excellent Urec and η. The substitution of Sm3+ for Ag+ in SmxAN+Mn MLCCs at x ≥ 0.01 decreases the M1-M2 phase transition temperature, and the antiferroelectric (AFE) M2 phase appears at room temperature, which is beneficial to achieving a low Pr value. Due to the low Pr value and high BDS ∼ 1300 kV·cm-1, an excellent Urec ∼9.8 J·cm-3 and PD,max ∼ 34.8 MW·cm-3 were achieved in SmxAN+Mn MLCCs at x = 0.03. The work suggests a paradigm that can enhance the energy storage capabilities of AFE MLCCs to meet the demanding requirements of advanced energy storage applications.

The relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep among medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between smartphone addiction and sleep in medical students. The secondary outcomes included the prevalence of smartphone addiction, duration and purpose of its use, prevalence of poor sleep, duration and quality of sleep. METHODS: The authors searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases, from inception of each database to October 2022. Quantitative studies in the English language on smartphone addiction and sleep in students studying Western Medicine were included. The Rayyan application was used for title-abstract screening, and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist to assess the risk of bias. Heterogeneity tests and meta-synthesis of data were performed using the meta-package in R software. Data on the activities used on the smartphone was synthesized qualitatively. RESULTS: A total of 298 abstracts were initially assessed for inclusion eligibility: 16 of them were eventually appraised, covering 9466 medical students comprising 3781 (39.9%) males and 5161 (54.5%) females. Meta-correlation between the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was 0.30 (95%CI = 0.24-0.36), and 0.27 (95% CI = 0.18-0.36) for SAS-SV and sleep duration. The meta-analytic estimation of smartphone addiction prevalence was 39% (95%CI = 0.30-0.50), and score using SAS-SV was 31.11 (95%CI = 29.50-32.72). The mean duration of smartphone daily used was 4.90 hours (95%CI = 3.72-6.08). The meta-analytic estimation on prevalence of poor sleep was 57% (95%CI = 0.48-0.66), and the meta-mean of PSQI and duration of sleep was 5.95 (95%CI = 4.90-7.00) and 5.62h (95%CI = 4.87-6.36) respectively. Medical students used their smartphones mostly for text messaging, followed by photo-sharing or social networking. Its usage for medical education remains unclear. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of poor sleep and smartphone addiction in medical students was 57% and 39% respectively, with a correlation index of 0.30. Medical students commonly used the smartphone for text-messaging, photo-sharing or social networking, averaging 4.9 hours daily.

Gut microbiota-driven regulation of queen bee ovarian metabolism.

With the global prevalence of Varroa mites, more and more beekeepers resort to confining the queen bee in a queen cage to control mite infestation or to breed superior and robust queen bees. However, the impact of such practices on the queen bee remains largely unknown. Therefore, we subjected the queen bees to a 21-day egg-laying restriction treatment (from the egg stage to the emergence of adult worker bees) and analyzed the queen bees' ovarian metabolites and gut microbiota after 21 days, aiming to assess the queen bees' quality and assist beekeepers in better hive management. Our findings revealed a significant reduction in the relative expression levels of Vg and Hex110 genes in the ovaries of egg laying-restricted queen bees compared to unrestricted egg-laying queens. The diversity of gut microbiota in the queen bee exhibited a notable decrease, accompanied by corresponding changes in the core bacteria of the microbial community, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased from 22.34% to 53.14% (P = 0.01) and from 0.053% to 0.580% (P = 0.04), respectively. The relative abundance of Bombella decreased from 25.85% to 1.720% (P = 0.002). Following egg-laying restriction, the activity of the queen bee's ovaries decreased, while the metabolism of glycerophospholipids remained or stored more lipid molecules, awaiting environmental changes for the queen bee to resume egg laying promptly. Furthermore, we observed that Bombella in the queen bee's gut may regulate the queen's ovarian metabolism through tryptophan metabolism. These findings provide novel insights into the interplay among queen egg laying, gut microbiota, and ovarian metabolism. IMPORTANCE With Varroa mite infestation, beekeepers often confine the queen bee in cages for control or breeding. However, the impact on the queen bee is largely unknown. We evaluated queen bee quality by restricting egg laying and analyzing ovarian metabolites and gut microbiota. In this study, we provided a comprehensive explanation of the expression of ovarian genes, the diversity of gut microbiota, and changes in ovarian metabolism in the queen bee. Through integrated analysis of the queen bee's gut microbiota and ovarian metabolism, we discovered that the gut microbiota can regulate the queen bee's ovarian metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay among egg laying, gut microbiota, and the reproductive health of the queen bee. Understanding these relationships can contribute to the development of better strategies for Varroa mite control and queen bee breeding.

Local Chemical Clustering Enabled Ultrahigh Capacitive Energy Storage in Pb-Free Relaxors.

Designing Pb-free relaxors with both a high capacitive energy density (Wrec) and high storage efficiency (η) remains a remarkable challenge for cutting-edge pulsed power technologies. Local compositional heterogeneity is crucial for achieving complex polar structure in solid solution relaxors, but its role in optimizing energy storage properties is often overlooked. Here, we report that an exceptionally high Wrec of 15.2 J cm-3 along with an ultrahigh η of 91% can be achieved through designing local chemical clustering in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3-based relaxors. A three-dimensional atomistic model derived from neutron/X-ray total scattering combined with reverse Monte Carlo method reveals the presence of subnanometer scale clustering of Bi, Na, and Ba, which host differentiated polar displacements, and confirming the prediction by density functional theory calculations. This leads to a polar state with small polar clusters and strong length and direction fluctuations in unit-cell polar vectors, thus manifesting improved high-field polarizability, steadily reduced hysteresis, and high breakdown strength macroscopically. The favorable polar structure features also result in a unique field-increased η, excellent stability, and superior discharge capacity. Our work demonstrates that the hidden local chemical order exerts a significant impact on the polarization characteristic of relaxors, and can be exploited for accessing superior energy storage performance.

Excellent Energy-Storage Performance in Lead-Free Capacitors with Highly Dynamic Polarization Heterogeneous Nanoregions.

Lead-free dielectric ceramics with excellent energy-storage performance are crucial to the development of the next-generation advanced pulse power capacitors. However, low energy-storage density limits the evolution of capacitors toward lightweight, miniaturization, and integration. Here, an effective strategy of constructing highly dynamic polarization heterogeneous nanoregions is proposed in lead-free relaxors to realize an ultrahigh energy-storage density of ≈8.0 J cm-3 , making almost ten times the growth of energy-storage density compared with pure Bi0.5 Na0.5 TiO3 ceramic, accompanied by a higher energy efficiency of ≈80% as well as an ultrafast discharge rate of ≈20 ns. Ultrasmall polarization heterogeneous nanoregions with different orientations and ultrahigh flexibility, and significantly decreased grain size to submicron lead to reduced heat loss, improved breakdown electric field and polarization, enhanced relaxation, and delayed polarization saturation behaviors, contributing to the remarkable energy-storage performance. Moreover, the breakdown path distribution or electrical tree evolution behaviors are systematically studied to reveal the origin of ultrahigh breakdown electric field through phase field simulations. This work demonstrates that constructing highly dynamic polarization heterogeneous nanoregions is a powerful approach to develop new lead-free dielectric materials with high energy-storage performance.