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1.
Dev Psychol ; 55(7): 1440-1452, 2019 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30945884

ABSTRACT

We investigated the developmental courses of both implicit and explicit racial biases in relation to the perceived social status of outgroups. We did so by assessing these biases among Chinese participants (N = 200, age range from 4- to 19-year-olds) toward 2 different other-race groups that differ in terms of perceived social status (i.e., Whites and Blacks). At the youngest age, children showed both implicit anti-White and anti-Black bias at similar levels. However, these biases had different patterns of age-related change: implicit anti-Black bias remained strong and stable over time, whereas implicit anti-White bias declined after age 10. For explicit bias, children showed a decline in anti-Black and anti-White bias. Implicit and explicit biases were uncorrelated at all ages. The observed age-related changes demonstrate that it is possible for patterns of biases toward different races to diverge with age, and that perceived social status may contribute to the differential developmental patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


Subject(s)
Child Development , Ethnicity/psychology , Racism/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Asian People , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adult
2.
Child Dev ; 90(3): e290-e305, 2019 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29023649

ABSTRACT

This study tracked the long-term effect of perceptual individuation training on reducing 5-year-old Chinese children's (N = 95, Mage  = 5.64 years) implicit pro-Asian/anti-Black racial bias. Initial training to individuate other-race Black faces, followed by supplementary training occurring 1 week later, resulted in a long-term reduction of pro-Asian/anti-Black bias (70 days). In contrast, training Chinese children to recognize White or Asian faces had no effect on pro-Asian/anti-Black bias. Theoretically, the finding that individuation training can have a long-term effect on reducing implicit racial bias in preschoolers suggests that a developmentally early causal linkage between perceptual and social processing of faces is not a transitory phenomenon. Practically, the data point to an effective intervention method for reducing implicit racism in young children.


Subject(s)
Individuation , Racism/ethnology , Black or African American , Asian People , Child, Preschool , China/ethnology , Discrimination, Psychological/physiology , Facial Recognition , Female , Humans , Male , Personal Satisfaction , Racism/psychology , Social Perception , White People
3.
Child Dev ; 90(1): 162-179, 2019 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28605007

ABSTRACT

This research investigated the relation between racial categorization and implicit racial bias in majority and minority children. Chinese and Indian 3- to 7-year-olds from Singapore (N = 158) categorized Chinese and Indian faces by race and had their implicit and explicit racial biases measured. Majority Chinese children, but not minority Indian children, showed implicit bias favoring own race. Regardless of ethnicity, children's racial categorization performance correlated positively with implicit racial bias. Also, Chinese children, but not Indian children, displayed explicit bias favoring own race. Furthermore, children's explicit bias was unrelated to racial categorization performance and implicit bias. The findings support a perceptual-social linkage in the emergence of implicit racial bias and have implications for designing programs to promote interracial harmony.


Subject(s)
Ethnicity , Minority Groups , Racism/ethnology , Social Perception , Child , Child, Preschool , China/ethnology , Female , Humans , India/ethnology , Male , Singapore/ethnology
4.
Dev Psychol ; 53(5): 845-859, 2017 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28459274

ABSTRACT

Two studies with preschool-age children examined the effectiveness of perceptual individuation training at reducing racial bias (Study 1, N = 32; Study 2, N = 56). We found that training preschool-age children to individuate other-race faces resulted in a reduction in implicit racial bias while mere exposure to other-race faces produced no such effect. We also showed that neither individuation training nor mere exposure reduced explicit racial bias. Theoretically, our findings provide strong evidence for a causal link between individual-level face processing and implicit racial bias, and are consistent with the newly proposed perceptual-social linkage hypothesis. Practically, our findings suggest that offering children experiences that allow them to increase their expertise in processing individual other-race faces will help reduce their implicit racial bias. (PsycINFO Database Record


Subject(s)
Child Behavior/physiology , Facial Recognition/physiology , Individuation , Learning/physiology , Racism/psychology , Social Perception , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male
5.
Child Dev ; 87(1): 285-96, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26435128

ABSTRACT

This research used an Implicit Racial Bias Test to investigate implicit racial biases among 3- to 5-year-olds and adult participants in China (N = 213) and Cameroon (N = 257). In both cultures, participants displayed high levels of racial biases that remained stable between 3 and 5 years of age. Unlike adults, young children's implicit racial biases were unaffected by the social status of the other-race groups. Also, unlike adults, young children displayed overt explicit racial biases, and these biases were dissociated from their implicit biases. The results provide strong evidence for the early emergence of implicit racial biases and point to the need to reduce them in early childhood.


Subject(s)
Child Development , Racism/ethnology , Adolescent , Adult , Cameroon/ethnology , Child, Preschool , China/ethnology , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult
6.
J Exp Child Psychol ; 139: 242-8, 2015 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26074407

ABSTRACT

Widespread cheating can undermine rules that are necessary for maintaining social order. Preventing cheating can be a challenge, especially with regard to children, who as a result of their limited executive function skills may have particular difficulty with resisting temptation to cheat. We examined one approach designed to help children resist this temptation: eliciting a verbal commitment to not cheat. We tested 4- to 7-year-olds (total N = 330) and found that starting at 5 years of age, a verbal commitment to not cheat led to a substantial reduction in cheating. The results suggest that verbal commitments can be used to help children overcome temptations and comply with rules.


Subject(s)
Behavior Control/psychology , Deception , Motivation/physiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Executive Function/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Neuropsychological Tests
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