Differential Transcriptomic Landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Multiple Organs from Infected Rhesus Macaques.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide and brought an enormous public health and global economic burden. The recurring global wave of infections has been exacerbated by growing variants of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, the virological characteristics of the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and its variants of concern (VOCs; including Alpha, Beta, and Delta) in vitro, as well as differential transcriptomic landscapes in multiple organs (lung, right ventricle, blood, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum) from the infected rhesus macaques, were elucidated. The original strain of SARS-CoV-2 caused a stronger innate immune response in host cells, and its VOCs markedly increased the levels of subgenomic RNAs, such as N, Orf9b, Orf6, and Orf7ab, which are known as the innate immune antagonists and the inhibitors of antiviral factors. Intriguingly, the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and Alpha variant induced larger alteration of RNA abundance in tissues of rhesus monkeys than Beta and Delta variants did. Moreover, a hyperinflammatory state and active immune response were shown in the right ventricles of rhesus monkeys by the up-regulation of inflammation- and immune-related RNAs. Furthermore, peripheral blood may mediate signaling transmission among tissues to coordinate the molecular changes in the infected individuals. Collectively, these data provide insights into the pathogenesis of COVID-19 at the early stage of infection by the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and its VOCs.

Comparison of the Nerve Regeneration Capacity and Characteristics between Sciatic Nerve Crush and Transection Injury Models in Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To provide useful information for selecting the most appropriate peripheral nerve injury model for different research purposes in nerve injury and repair studies, and to compare nerve regeneration capacity and characteristics between them.@*METHODS@#Sixty adult SD rats were randomly divided into two groups and underwent crush injury alone (group A, n = 30) or transection injury followed by surgical repair (group B, n = 30) of the right hind paw. Each group was subjected to the CatWalk test, gastrocnemius muscle evaluation, pain threshold measurement, electrophysiological examination, retrograde neuronal labeling, and quantification of nerve regeneration before and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury.@*RESULTS@#Gait analysis showed that the recovery speed in group A was significantly faster than that in group B at 14 days. At 21 days, the compound muscle action potential of the gastrocnemius muscle in group A was significantly higher than that in group B, and the number of labeled motor neurons in group B was lower than that in group A. The number of new myelin sheaths and the g-ratio were higher in group A than in group B. There was a 7-day time difference in the regeneration rate between the two injury groups.@*CONCLUSION@#The regeneration of nerve fibers was rapid after crush nerve injury, whereas the transection injury was relatively slow, which provides some ideas for the selection of clinical research models.

Comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq and whole genome sequencing data reveals no evidence for SARS-CoV-2 integrating into host genome

SARS-CoV-2, as the causation of severe epidemic of COVID-19, is one kind of positive single-stranded RNA virus with high transmissibility. However, whether or not SARS-CoV-2 can integrate into host genome needs thorough investigation. Here, we performed both RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and whole genome sequencing on SARS-CoV-2 infected human and monkey cells, and investigated the presence of host-virus chimeric events. Through RNA-seq, we did detect the chimeric host-virus reads in the infected cells. But further analysis using mixed libraries of infected cells and uninfected zebrafish embryos demonstrated that these reads are falsely generated during library construction. In support, whole genome sequencing also didnt identify the existence of chimeric reads in their corresponding regions. Therefore, the evidence for SARS-CoV-2s integration into host genome is lacking. One-Sentence SummarySARS-CoV-2 does not integrate into host genome through whole genome sequencing.

Associations between workplace social capital and health productivity of enterprise employees / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of workplace social capital on health productivity of enterprise employees. METHODS: A total of 3 240 employees from different industries in Pudong New District, Shanghai City were selected as the research subjects using the stratified random sampling method. Workplace Social Capital Scale and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: General Health were used to investigate the current status of workplace social capital and health productivity. RESULTS: The average workplace social capital score of employees was 3.9±0.6, and the detection rate of those with low workplace social capital was 37.3%(1 207/3 240). The detection rate of health productivity loss was 40.2%(1 303/3 240). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the risk of health productivity loss increased in those employees with low workplace social capital(P<0.01) after excluding the influence of confounding factors such as gender, age, length of service, marital status, education level, job requirements, personal monthly income, type of enterprise, excessive drinking and irregular exercise. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval was 1.427(1.225-1.662). CONCLUSION: Low social capital of employees in workplace can lead to impaired health productivity. Workplace health management can be carried out from the perspective of improving social capital of employees to improve their health productivity.

Timeliness of health science popularization in local media of Shanghai during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the timeliness of health science popularization during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） and its correlation with the epidemic situation and policies. MethodsThe original reports of health science popularization by 26 major media in Shanghai during the COVID19 outbreak between January 19 and March 25 of 2020 were retrieved， and the timeliness of the number of reports， media sources and categories， and contents were analyzed. ResultsDuring the epidemic of COVID-19， public media reported timely. Online media accounted for 63.35%， and text-based reports accounted for 85.90%. There was a correlation between the trend of the number of reports and the development of COVID-19 and the prevention and control policy issued by the government. After the change in the epidemic or the release of policy， the number of reports increased. The top four topics were personal protection， disease treatment， healthy lifestyle and psychological health， accounting for 18.62%， 18.54%， 12.96% and 11.74%， respectively. Reports focused on different aspects at different stages of COVID-19 epidemic， and the number of reports tended to increase one week after the occurrence of major events. ConclusionDuring the COVID-19 epidemic， the coverage of health science on media is timely and targeted. For future similar public health emergencies， it is suggested to respond quickly to major events according to the trend， to carry out publicity timely， to innovate the report forms， and thus make it easy for the public to accept and implement.

Timeliness of health science popularization in local media of Shanghai during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the timeliness of health science popularization during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） and its correlation with the epidemic situation and policies. MethodsThe original reports of health science popularization by 26 major media in Shanghai during the COVID19 outbreak between January 19 and March 25 of 2020 were retrieved， and the timeliness of the number of reports， media sources and categories， and contents were analyzed. ResultsDuring the epidemic of COVID-19， public media reported timely. Online media accounted for 63.35%， and text-based reports accounted for 85.90%. There was a correlation between the trend of the number of reports and the development of COVID-19 and the prevention and control policy issued by the government. After the change in the epidemic or the release of policy， the number of reports increased. The top four topics were personal protection， disease treatment， healthy lifestyle and psychological health， accounting for 18.62%， 18.54%， 12.96% and 11.74%， respectively. Reports focused on different aspects at different stages of COVID-19 epidemic， and the number of reports tended to increase one week after the occurrence of major events. ConclusionDuring the COVID-19 epidemic， the coverage of health science on media is timely and targeted. For future similar public health emergencies， it is suggested to respond quickly to major events according to the trend， to carry out publicity timely， to innovate the report forms， and thus make it easy for the public to accept and implement.

Comparative study on nutritional status of patients in intensive care unit with different assessment tools / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To evaluate the nutritional status of patients in intensive care unit (ICU) by using nutritional risk screening 2002 scale (NRS2002), subjective general assessment (SGA) and critical illness nutritional risk score (NUTRIC), and to compare the characteristics and applicability of three scoring tools.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted. 315 patients admitted to the comprehensive ICU of Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University from April 2018 to July 2019 were enrolled. Basic information of patients was collected, and patients were divided into two groups with 65 years old as the standard to compare the nutritional status of patients among different genders and ages. The nutritional status of patients were assessed by NRS2002, SGA, and NUTRIC. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), upper arm circumference (AC), leg circumference (LC), and other related parameters of human nutrition were measured. Total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), prealbumin (PA), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total number of lymphocytes (LYM), hemoglobin (Hb), C-reactive protein (CRP) and other blood biochemical indicators were performed. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the three nutrition evaluation scales and other objective nutrition parameters. Binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influencing factors of nutritional status with three scales of patients in ICU.Results:Among 315 patients in ICU, 183 were male and 132 were female. There were 143 patients < 65 years old and 172 ≥ 65 years old. In male patients, the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) score, age and BUN of patients aged ≥ 65 years old were significantly increased, and the height, weight, BMI, TSF, AC, LC, Alb and PA were significantly lowered as compared with those aged < 65 years old, while the difference in other indicators was not statistically significant. In the female patients, the APACHEⅡ score, age, SCr and BUN of the patients aged ≥ 65 years old were significantly increased, the height, Alb, PA and Hb were significantly decreased as compared with those aged < 65 years old, and the difference in other indicators was not statistically significant. The proportion of patients with nutritional risk evaluated by NRS2002 (NRS2002 score ≥ 3) was 87.62% (276/315). SGA showed that the proportion of malnourished patients (SGA was grade B or C) was 62.86% (198/315). NUTRIC showed 66.03% of patients (208/315) in high nutritional risk (NUTRIC score ≥ 5). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations among NRS2002, SGA and NUTRIC of patients in ICU ( rNRS2002 with SGA = 0.522, rNRS2002 with NUTRIC = 0.392, rSGA with NUTRIC = 0.442, all P < 0.01). Among the three assessment tools, SGA had the best correlation with blood biochemical indicators and body measurements to assess nutritional status, followed by NRS2002, and NUTRIC had the worst correlation. Binary multivariate Logistic regression showed that APACHEⅡ score, BMI, AC, BUN and TG were factors influencing NRS2002 assessment of nutritional status in ICU patients [odds ratio ( OR) were 2.535, 0.404, 1.438, 0.858, and 2.391, respectively, all P < 0.05]; APACHEⅡ score, age, weight, TP, BUN, LYM and CRP were influence factors of SGA for evaluating the malnutrition of patients in ICU ( OR values were 1.074, 1.038, 0.921, 0.947, 1.077, 1.625 and 0.991, respectively, all P < 0.05); APACHEⅡ score, age, LYM and CRP were the influence factors of NUTRIC assessment for malnutrition of patients in ICU ( OR values were 1.159, 1.049, 0.715 and 0.995, respectively, all P < 0.05). Conclusions:The nutrition status of ICU patients evaluated by NRS2002, SGA and NUTRIC was simple and easy to operate, and the positive screening rate of NRS2002 was the highest, which was suitable for patients with mild conditions in ICU. SGA is the most valuable tool to evaluate the nutritional status of ICU patients. NUTRIC has a poor correlation with objective indicators reflecting nutritional status, while its indicators are objective and easy to obtain, which is suitable for ICU patients with critical condition and unclear consciousness. Nutritional assessment tools should be integrated with the patient's gender, age, anthropometric and biochemical indicators.

Intervention effect of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai from 2016 to 2018 / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the general situation, smoking status, smoking cessation status and one-month follow-up examination in Shanghai, providing scientific basis for further effective development of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai. Methods A total of 841 smokers who visited the smoking cessation clinic from 2016 to 2018 were investigated and 725 patients were followed up one month later.The data thus obtained were analyzed by SPSS software. Results In general, of the visiting patients in 2018, 91.3% were male, 50.6% were 35-55 years old, 57.1% had educational background in primary school or below, and 60.2% were employees of enterprises, businesses and service industries.In terms of smoking, 44.1% of the patients smoked 10-20 cigarettes a day, 34.6% smoked for 10-20 years, and 38.6% smoked the first cigarette within 5 minutes after getting up.With regards to the situation of smoking cessation, 72.1% of the patients tried to quit smoking before going to the clinic; 14.8% of the patients used electronic cigarettes to help quit smoking; 33.9% learned about the smoking cessation clinic through the doctors; 61.4% decided to quit smoking because they were concerned about their health and the health of their family members.According to the follow-up, the rate of quitting smoking in one month in 2018 was 48.8%;44.0% of the patients believed that their own determination was the key to quit smoking; 46.2% of the patients who failed to quit smoking believed that if they tried to quit smoking again, the biggest obstacle was the onset of smoking addiction. Conclusion The establishment of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai can help patients quit smoking.However, there are still some problems in this regard.In view of the characteristics of the patients going to the smoking cessation clinic, we should find out the weaknesses in the propaganda of the smoking cessation clinic in time.For example, it is found that there are fewer smoking women, less educated and less farmers visiting the clinic; according to the smoking situation of the patients, we should clearly focus on updating the service quality of the smoking cessation clinic; proceeding from the follow-up situation, we should find out the the approach to the construction and perfection of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai.

Intervention effect of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai from 2016 to 2018 / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the general situation, smoking status, smoking cessation status and one-month follow-up examination in Shanghai, providing scientific basis for further effective development of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai. Methods A total of 841 smokers who visited the smoking cessation clinic from 2016 to 2018 were investigated and 725 patients were followed up one month later.The data thus obtained were analyzed by SPSS software. Results In general, of the visiting patients in 2018, 91.3% were male, 50.6% were 35-55 years old, 57.1% had educational background in primary school or below, and 60.2% were employees of enterprises, businesses and service industries.In terms of smoking, 44.1% of the patients smoked 10-20 cigarettes a day, 34.6% smoked for 10-20 years, and 38.6% smoked the first cigarette within 5 minutes after getting up.With regards to the situation of smoking cessation, 72.1% of the patients tried to quit smoking before going to the clinic; 14.8% of the patients used electronic cigarettes to help quit smoking; 33.9% learned about the smoking cessation clinic through the doctors; 61.4% decided to quit smoking because they were concerned about their health and the health of their family members.According to the follow-up, the rate of quitting smoking in one month in 2018 was 48.8%;44.0% of the patients believed that their own determination was the key to quit smoking; 46.2% of the patients who failed to quit smoking believed that if they tried to quit smoking again, the biggest obstacle was the onset of smoking addiction. Conclusion The establishment of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai can help patients quit smoking.However, there are still some problems in this regard.In view of the characteristics of the patients going to the smoking cessation clinic, we should find out the weaknesses in the propaganda of the smoking cessation clinic in time.For example, it is found that there are fewer smoking women, less educated and less farmers visiting the clinic; according to the smoking situation of the patients, we should clearly focus on updating the service quality of the smoking cessation clinic; proceeding from the follow-up situation, we should find out the the approach to the construction and perfection of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai.

Preliminary study on the effect of lipopolysaccharide challenge on the genes expression of inflammatory factors in A549 cells / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To explore the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of inflammatory genes in A549 cells line under different concentrations and different action time, this study laid the foundation for further establishment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) cell model in the optimal concentration-time way. Methods A549 cells line was incubated routinely in 5%CO2 incubator at 37 ℃ with high glucose DMEM medium which included 10% fetal calf serum. Cells in logarithmic phase was cultured for passage, the cells was count to adjust cell density to (5-7)×105 and tile evenly in six-hole plate. Cells were cultivated for 2 days and once the cells confluence to 50%-60%, serum-free medium DMEM was changed for 12 hours cultivation. 10 mg LPS was added to 10 mL DMEM for oscillated blending to prepare 1 g/L stock solution. 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 mL LPS stock solution was taken respectively and diluted LPS stock solution for 50 mL constant volume to prepare 0, 10, 20 and 50 mg/L LPS working solution. Then 0, 10, 20 and 50 mg/L LPS solution was added to react for 0, 1, 3 and 5 hours respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to examine mRNA expression of A549 cells line interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α). LPS action of 10 mg/L for 0 hour was used as the time control group, LPS action of 0 mg/L for 1 hour was used as the concentration control group, and the gene expression was calculated with 2-ΔΔCt method. Results ① As to the time factor, with the same action of LPS concentration, the relative expression levels of inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) in A549 cells line after being treated with 10 mg/L LPS for 1 hour were significantly higher than those for 0 hour respectively [IL-6 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 5.71±0.42 vs. 1.00±0.00, IL-1β mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 5.63±0.30 vs. 1.00±0.00, TNF-α mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 5.38±0.61 vs. 1.00±0.00, all P < 0.01], and there were no significant changes in the expression levels of inflammatory genes in A549 cells line of other time groups. ② As to the concentration factor, with the same action time, the relative expression levels of inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1βand TNF-α) in A549 cells line after being treated with 10 mg/L LPS for 1 hour were significantly higher than with 0 mg/L for 1 hour respectively [IL-6 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 5.70±0.64 vs. 1.00±0.00, IL-1β mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 6.25±0.25 vs. 1.00±0.00, TNF-α mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 5.57±0.25 vs. 1.00±0.00, all P < 0.01], there were no significant changes in the expression levels of inflammatory genes in A549 cells line of other concentration groups. Conclusion The LPS concentration of 10 mg/L and the action time of 1 hour are the most suitable concentration-time conditions for establishing ARDS cell models of A549 cells line.

Molecular epidemiology of genogroup II norovirus infections in acute gastroenteritis patients during 2014-2016 in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: Norovirus (NoV), a member of the Caliciviridae, is now recognized as the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Globally, the GII.4 Sydney_2012 variant has predominated in NoV-related AGE since 2012, although the novel variant GII.17 has also been reported as responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks in East Asia since 2014. This study aimed to disclose the recent genotype patterns of NoV genogroup II (GII) presenting in AGE patients in Pudong New Area of Shanghai through a laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system. The study further aimed to delineate the predominant strains circulating in the population. METHODS: Pudong New Area is located in eastern Shanghai and covers 20.89% of the Shanghai population. The laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system is composed of 12 sentinel hospitals among the 68 general hospitals in this area. AGE patients who sought medical care were sampled following an AGE surveillance protocol. Stool samples were collected from participating patients, and a standardized questionnaire was given to each patient by trained nurses to gain information on the disease profiles and demographics of the patients. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to screen the GI nd GII NoV and RT-PCR was used to amplify NoV GII partial capsid protein open reading frame 2 (ORF2). NoV Genotyping Tool (version 1.0, RIVM, MA Bilthoven, Netherlands) was used for genotyping, and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted by MEGA 7.0. RESULTS: During 2014-2016, among the 2069 virus-infected AGE cases, 65.88% were caused by NoV. NoV-AGE occurred most frequently in the periods from October to March. The patients with more severe diarrheal symptoms and vomiting were more likely to be infected by NoV. The main genotypes were GII.17 (44.69%) and GII.4 (39.26%), which dominated the NoV-AGE epidemics jointly or in turn, whereas a slight increase in GII.2 was observed beginning in May 2016. The GII.17 strains tended to cluster more with the Hu/JP/2014/GII.P17_GII.17/Kawasaki323 variants, representing novel prevalent strains. Among the GII.4 strains, the GII.4 Sydney_2012 variant was still the predominant strain. CONCLUSIONS: NoV GII has become the main cause of virus-infected AGE in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The predominant genotypes of NoV GII were GII.17 and GII.4. Comprehensive laboratory-based surveillance is important for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Identification of emerging new genotypes is also crucial for the prevention and control of NoV-infected AGE.

Design and application of medical information system in field medical support institution under new situation / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To Design a medical information system to meet the requirements for informatized medical support by the field medical support institution. Methods J2EE architecture and Java technology were applied to the design of the system, and star topology was used for network deployment. Results The system shared casualty treatment data with servicemen electronic tag and medical commanding information with logistics integrated command and control platform,so that the requirements for medical information were met in the institution.Conclusion The system improves the field medical support institution in medical support ability,treatment rate and efficacy.

Elastic intramedullary nail for treating 22-A fracture in the forearm of adults / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Elastic intramedullary nail is commonly used in the treatment of fractures of children, but few studies concern the elastic intramedullary nail for treating fractures in adults. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the repair effect of elastic intramedullary nail in the treatment of 22-A fracture in forearm of adults. METHODS: From January 2015 to April 2016, a total of 21 adult patients with the 22-A fracture (35 fractures) were treated with manipulative reduction and elastic intramedullary nail fixation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. The follow-up time was 12-18 months. Radiographs were taken and the guidance of the limb function training was given at regular intervals. The Andserson scoring system was used to evaluate the patients' forearm limb function. Fracture healing, elbow, wrist joint activity and forearm rotation were recorded. The satisfactory questionnaires were recorded. The patients were divided into three grades as satisfaction, general satisfaction and dissatisfaction; simultaneously, reasons were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Andserson scoring was satisfactory in 16 cases accounted for 76%, general satisfaction in 3 cases accounted for 14%, dissatisfaction in 2 cases accounted for 10%. (2) Wrist joint activity increased from (172±4)° before the operation to (181±3)° at the end of the follow-up. Elbow joint activity increased from (102±18)° before the operation to (124±13)° at the end of the follow-up. Forearm rotation activity increased from (84±11)° before the operation to (155±13)° at the end of the follow-up (P < 0.05). (3) In the follow-up of the 21 patients, 13 patients were satisfied with the result of surgery; 5 patients were generally satisfied; 2 patients were dissatisfied because the limited limb functions; and 1 patient was dissatisfied because of the nail irritability; the dissatisfaction rate accounted for 14%. (4) Elastic intramedullary nail can obtain affirmative effect in the treatment of adult 22-A fracture of the forearm; and clinical application should be based on the type of fracture.

A revelation about frequent itemset of stroke by using Apriori algorithm / 中国医学装备

Objective: To study the rule pattern of risk factor of stroke through data analysis of preliminary screening of large-scale stroke. Methods: The preliminary screening data of risk factors in stroke were gathered from the National Center for Stroke Screening and Prevention and Control. And the association rules mining was adopted in the research. The relevant risk factors of stroke in large-scale crowd were researched, and 0.1% was chose as minimum support and 10% were used as minimum confidence coefficient. The rule mode of stroke was mined by using above conditions. Results: In the nine risk factors of the table of preliminary screening, there was a weak correlation between "transient ischemic attack (TIA) in past", "hypertension", "family history of stroke" and stroke, respectively. And TIA, atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease, family history of stroke, hypertension and diabetes were the most important risk factors. At the same time, the study found that age would become an important risk factor for stroke when patient was older than 60. Conclusions: In the 21 presumptive rule patterns with big probability, some of them has not received sufficient attention in past. And the rule pattern of risk factor of stroke provides a new diagnostic basis with value.

Analysis on the safety-related riding behaviors of 0-to 6-year-old children and their parents' awareness in Changning District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To understand the safety-related riding behaviors of 0-to 6-year-old children and to analyze their parents' awareness of the safe riding thereof.Methods Self-administered questionnaires were used to make investigations on the parents of the 0-to 6-year-old children described as follows.Several 0-to 3-year-old children's parents who owned private cars and sent their children to schools/back home by cars daily were randomly selected from the planned immunization/children's health clinic of 10 community health service centers in Changning District of Shanghai,the parents of these children were surveyed.Several 4-to 6-year-old children's parents who owned private cars and sent their children to schools/back home by cars daily were randomly selected from the kindergartens therein,the parents of these children were surveyed.SPSS 17.0 was used in relevant statistical analyses.Results A total of 3 509 persons were investigated.The means of their riding in private cars were shown as follows, in order of proportion, from the highest to the lowest: using child restraint system(CRS) (44.1%), sitting in laps of adults(28.1%), sitting by themselves with seatbelts(18.0%)and sitting by themselves without seatbelts (9.8%);with the increase of age, the proportions of using CRS and sitting in laps of adults decreased and those of sitting by themselves increased.Almost 90% of child passengers were habitually rear-seated, but 1.8% thereof sat in the CRS seats installed in front and 7.2% thereof simply sat in co-pilot seats in front without any safety restraints.The overall awareness rate of the parents for the core knowledge of the CRS seats was 67.1%, only 23.8% of the respondents surveyed knew all the core knowledge.The rate of using CRS seats by parents was positively correlated with the relevant knowledge and attitudes of the parents for CRS seats(x2=357.8, P<0.001).For the parents who believed that using CRS seats is the safest way of riding, the rate of using CRS seats by their children was also the highest.Parents with higher levels of education and higher incomes tended to have higher levels of awareness.Conclusion Compared with foreign developed countries, the rate of using CRS seats by 0-to 6-year-old children is relatively low in Changning District.The rate of using CRS seats by parents is closely related to the relevant knowledge and attitudes of the parents for CRS seats.Parents have a low level of awareness and misunderstanding of safe riding.It is necessary to strengthen the publicity and education, especially for the awareness of children's safe riding for families with relatively low levels of education, thus urging parents to take more reliable children's safe riding measures so as to ensure thesafety of children's riding.

Epidemiological analysis on the norovirus detection based on diarrhea syndromic surveillance in Pudong , Shanghai ,2012—2016 / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus detection based on the diarrhea syndromic surveillance in Pudong ,Shanghai .Methods Diarrhea syndromic surveillance program was conducted in outpatient and emergency departments of 12 sentinel hospitals during 2012 -2016 .The clinical and epidemiological data of diarrheal patients were collected .The fecal specimens were also sampled . The detections for norovirus by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing were performed .Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test was used to compare the detection rate .Binary logistic regression was used to explore the impact factors of norovirus infection among diarrheal patients . Results The detective rate of norovirus among diarrheal patients was 21 .59％ ,peaking from October to next March .Among all the age groups ,the detection rate was highest among patients with 25 - 64 years old .The patients with more severe diarrhea symptoms (> 5 times a day) were more likely to be infected with norovirus than those with diarrhea 3 - 5 times a day (χ2 = 21 .167 ,P< 0 .01) .Vomiting was also an indicator of norovirus infection .Patients presented with vomiting had a higher norovirus detection rate (χ2 = 198 .543 , P < 0 .01) . Norovirus G Ⅱ was the predominant genotype .Conclusions The recent epidemic of norovirus infection in diarrheal patients in Pudong new district has an apparent seasonality peaked from October to next March .Adult ,patients with vomiting and more severe diarrhea symptoms are at risk of norovirus infection .The long-term surveillance is critical for the norovirus infection control .

The novel norovirus genotype GII.17 is the predominant strain in diarrheal patients in Shanghai, China.

In the winter of 2014-2015, a novel norovirus (NoV) strain (GII.17) was reported to be the major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in East Asia. To determine the time course of gastroenteritis infections associated with the GII.17 strain and whether GII.17 was the main epidemic strain in diarrheal patients in Shanghai, 2169 stool samples were collected and tested. The detection rate of NoV GI and GII NoV strains was 0.83 and 24.02%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that there were seven NoV genotypes, among which GII.4 and GII.17 were the main genotypes. The GII.17 strain was first detected in a sample collected on August 14th, 2014, and beginning in January 2015, the novel GII.17 strain replaced the GII.4 strain as the dominant NoV genotype causing acute gastroenteritis in patients in Shanghai.

[Development and effectiveness evaluation of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay kit for detection of Schistosoma japonicum].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a kit of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for detection of Schistosoma japonicum protein SjP38, and evaluate its effectiveness. METHODS: The anti 9G7 SjP38 monoclonal antibody was used as the capture anti-body coated with 96-hole plate, and the Eu3+ labeled 1A6 monoclonal antibody was used as the detection antibody to establish the TRFIA SjP38 kit. In addition, the accuracy, sensitivity, precision, stability and coincidence rate to pathogenic diagnosis of the kit were evaluated. RESULTS: This established kit possessed high accuracy, wide linear range from 2 to 1 250 ng/ml, high sensitivity with the minimum detectable concentration of 0.14 ng/ml, and good precision (the coefficient variation of the intra- and inter-assay were 3.6% to 4.6% and 5.1% to 6.7%, respectively). The stability tests showed that the reagents could be stable for six months at 4 ℃, 7 d at 37 ℃. The positive and negative corresponding rates to the pathogen detection method were 95% and 100% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All the performance and detection indicators of the kit have reached the requirements of clinical test, but its clinical application still needs further validation.

Relationship of Serum D-dimer, Fibrinogen, C Reactive Protein and Interleukin 6 with Thrombus Dissolution Volume in Acute Iliac Femoral Vein Thrombosis Model Rats / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship among the serum D- two polymer, fibrinogen, C reactive protein and interleukin 6 and thrombus dissolution volume in acute iliac femoral venous thrombosis model rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 60 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: deep venous thrombosis group (DVT group), sham operation group and normal control group. In DVT group the single side of the iliofemoral vein incomplete with micro vessel was cliped under chloral hydrate anesthesia; in sham operation group the single side of the iliofemoral vein should be explored without using micro vessel clip under chloral hydrate anesthesia; the and normal control group only experienced chloral hydrate anesthesia. A positive correlation was showed between the 2 time points of D-dimer and the corresponding thrombolytic volume, and the Pearson coefficient was 0.307, and Rwas 0.412 (P<0.05).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The D-dimer, fibrinogen, C reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels before and after treatment of 60 rats were shown to be significantly different (P<0.05) between DVT group, sham operation group and normal control group. The D-dimer and fibrinogen level was first rised and then decreased in DVT group, sham operation group. There was a positive correlation between C reactive protein/interleukin-6 and the level of D-dimer /fibrinogen from T1 to T3 time point (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between C reactive protein/interleukin-6 and the level of D-dimer /fibrinogen from T4 to T6 time point (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The changes of serum D-dimer, fibrinogen, C reactive protein and interleukin 6 in the acute iliac femoral vein thrombosis model firstly increase and then decrease. These changes can reflect the process of blood coagulation and fibrin dissolution in the course of venous thrombosis of iliac vein.</p>

Viral etiology of 363 elderly people with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections in Pudong New Area, Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of common respiratory viruses among influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in Pudong New Area, Shanghai , so as to help estimate the disease burden and conduct the valuable control strategies . Methods Respiratory specimen ( throat swab or sputum ) from cases older than 65 years old with ILI/SARI were collected from outpatient and inpatient settings in four sentinel hospitals in Pudong New Area . Each specimen was tested by multiplex PCR for eight target viral etiologies , including influenza virus , human rhinoviruses ( HRV ) , human para-influenza virus ( PIV ) , adenoviruses ( ADV ) , respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) , human metapneumovirus ( hMPV ) , human coronavirus ( hCoV ) and human bocavirus ( hBoV) .Chi-square tests or Fisher's Exact Test were used to compare and analyze . Results From January 1st, 2014 to June 30st, 2016, a total of 363 elderly cases with ILI/SARI were enrolled, with 202 (55.65%) male and a median age of 70 years old.142(39.12%) patients were detected posi-tive for any one of the eight viruses.Influenza was the predominant virus (20.94%, 76/363), with the positive proportion of ( 29 .83%) among ILI cases and ( 12 .09%) among SARI cases .The Influenza infection presented two seasonal peaks in winter ( December to February ) and summer ( July to September ) . Conclusion Influenza is identified as the leading viral pathogen both among ILI and SARI cases older than 65 years old, and two seasonal epidemic peaks areobserved in Shanghai .Influenza vacci-nation strategy should be advocated for the elderly population in Shanghai .