ABSTRACT
In this study, chemoenzymatic synthesis of furfuryl alcohol from biomass (e.g., corncob, bamboo shoot shell, and rice straw) was attempted by the tandem catalysis with Lewis acid (SnCl4 or solid acid SO42-/SnO2-bentonite) and biocatalyst in one-pot manner. Compared with SnCl4, solid acid SO42-/SnO2-bentonite had higher catalytic activity for converting biomass into furfural, which could be biologically converted into furfuryl alcohol with Escherichia coli CCZU-H15 whole-cell harboring reductase activity. Sequential catalysis of biomass into furfural with SO42-/SnO2-bentonite (3.0 wt%) at 170 °C for 0.5 h and bioreduction of furfural with whole cells at 30 °C for 4.5 h were used for the effective synthesis of furfuryl alcohol in one-pot media. Corncob, bamboo shoot shell, and rice straw (3.0 g, dry weight) could be converted into 65.7, 50.3, and 58.5 mM furfuryl alcohol with the yields of 0.26, 0.25, and 0.23 g furfuryl alcohol/(g xylan in biomass) in 40 mL reaction media. Finally, an efficient process of recycling and reusing of SO42-/SnO2-bentonite catalyst and immobilized whole-cell biocatalyst was developed for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of furfuryl alcohol from biomass in the one-pot reaction system.
Subject(s)
Biomass , Furans/chemistry , Oryza/metabolism , Sasa/metabolism , Zea mays/metabolism , Bentonite/chemistry , Biotechnology/methods , Catalysis , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Furaldehyde/chemistry , Lewis Acids , Oxidoreductases/chemistry , Temperature , Tin Compounds/chemistry , Xylans/chemistry , Xylose/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Emotional abuse and neglect is an under-recognized, but is a common form of child abuse. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for emotional abuse in adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey on emotional abuse was conducted by anonymous self-administered questionnaire in 865 adolescents randomly sampled from three junior schools in Harbin City. A total of 844 valid questionnaires were received. Risk factors were studied by multivariate non-conditional regression analysis. RESULTS: Over the past year, 47.3% of the 844 respondents suffered from emotional abuse. Monovariate regression analysis indicated that emotional abuse was related to 19 factors, including children's health status, parental marital status, parental educational levels, family rearing patterns, family atmosphere and so on. Multivariate regression analysis showed poor children's health status (OR=1.877, P=0.001), bad parental marital status (OR=1.768, P=0.004), and unjustifiable family rearing patterns [over-interference (OR=3.004, P=0.006) and assentation (OR=5.430, P=0.032)] were risk factors for the occurrence of emotional abuse. The harmonious family atmosphere and the harmonious relations between children and their parents were protective factors for emotional abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of emotional abuse is high in adolescents. Poor children's health status, bad parental marital status and unjustifiable family rearing patterns are risk factors for the occurrence of emotional abuse.
