Endoscopic characteristics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis combined with tracheobronchial tuberculosis / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To explore the endoscopic characteristics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) combined with tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB). Methods 248 MDR-TB as study group, they hospitalized from October 1st 2008 to June 31st, 2016. 274 cases of non MDR-TB with bacteria positive as control group over 2015, all of them received bronchoscopy, sputum cultured and drug sensitivity tested of Isoniazid and Rifampicin. We analyzed the results of bronchoscopy and demographic data. Results 248 cases of MDR-TB patients, of 175 (70.56%) were diagnosed TBTB by bronchoscopy, of 73 (29.44%) without TBTB. 274 cases of non MDR-TB with bacteria positive patients, of 146 (53.28%) were diagnosed TBTB, of 128 (46.72%) non TBTB, the difference of comparisons was statistically significant (χ2 = 16.42, P = 0.000). MDR-TB combined with TBTB median age was 32 years, non MDR-TB combined with TBTB median age 42 years, the difference was statistically significant (U = 9932.00, P = 0.001). Among the MDR-TB patients, of 75 (42.86%) TBTB in the upper right bronchial, of71 (40.57%) upper left bronchus, while non MDR-TB patients, of 70 (47.95%) and 60 (41.10%), there was no statistically significant difference (χ2 = 2.44, P = 0.786). Among the MDR-TB, of 76 (43.43%) were inflammation infiltration type, of 11 (6.29%) were necrosis type, of 13 cases (7.43%) granulation proliferative type, of 72 (41.14%) were scar stricture type, of 3 (1.71%) tube wall softening type. Among the non MDR-TB, in turn, TBTB type were 50 (34.25%), 41 (28.08%), 9 (6.16%), 40 (27.40%), 5 (3.43%), the difference were statistically significant (χ2 = 30.50, P = 0.000). Conclusions The detection rate of TBTB was higher in MDR-TB patients, that common occur in younger patients. TBTB common infringe on upper right bronchial and upper left bronchus, TBTB type most are inflammatory infiltration type and scar stricture type. More attention should be paid to bronchoscopy among MDR-TB patients.

An analytical method for 14C in environmental water based on a wet-oxidation process.

An analytical method for (14)C in environmental water based on a wet-oxidation process was developed. The method can be used to determine the activity concentrations of organic and inorganic (14)C in environmental water, or total (14)C, including in drinking water, surface water, rainwater and seawater. The wet-oxidation of the organic component allows the conversion of organic carbon to an inorganic form, and the extraction of the inorganic (14)C can be achieved by acidification and nitrogen purging. Environmental water with a volume of 20 L can be used for the wet-oxidation and extraction, and a detection limit of about 0.02 Bq/g(C) can be achieved for water with carbon content above 15 mg(C)/L, obviously lower than the natural level of (14)C in the environment. The collected carbon is sufficient for measurement with a low level liquid scintillation counter (LSC) for typical samples. Extraction or recovery experiments for inorganic carbon and organic carbon from typical materials, including analytical reagents of organic benzoquinone, sucrose, glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, humic acid, ethane diol, et cetera., were conducted with excellent results based on measurement on a total organic carbon analyzer and LSC. The recovery rate for inorganic carbon ranged tween 98.7%-99.0% with a mean of 98.9(± 0.1)%, for organic carbon recovery ranged between 93.8% and 100.0% with a mean of 97.1(± 2.6)%. Verification and an uncertainty budget of the method are also presented for a representative environmental water. The method is appropriate for (14)C analysis in environmental water, and can be applied also to the analysis of liquid effluent from nuclear facilities.

Method validation and uncertainty evaluation of organically bound tritium analysis in environmental sample.

The analytical method for organically bound tritium (OBT) was developed in our laboratory. The optimized operating conditions and parameters were established for sample drying, special combustion, distillation, and measurement on a liquid scintillation spectrometer (LSC). Selected types of OBT samples such as rice, corn, rapeseed, fresh lettuce and pork were analyzed for method validation of recovery rate reproducibility, the minimum detection concentration, and the uncertainty for typical low level environmental sample was evaluated. The combustion water recovery rate of different dried environmental sample was kept at about 80%, the minimum detection concentration of OBT ranged from 0.61 to 0.89 Bq/kg (dry weight), depending on the hydrogen content. It showed that this method is suitable for OBT analysis of environmental sample with stable recovery rate, and the combustion water yield of a sample with weight about 40 g would provide sufficient quantity for measurement on LSC.