ABSTRACT
The optimal protocol for neuromodulation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) remains unclear. Using the rotarod paradigm, we found that mouse motor learning was enhanced by anodal tDCS (3.2 mA/cm2) during but not before or after the performance of a task. Dual-task experiments showed that motor learning enhancement was specific to the task accompanied by anodal tDCS. Studies using a mouse model of stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion showed that concurrent anodal tDCS restored motor learning capability in a task-specific manner. Transcranial in vivo Ca2+ imaging further showed that anodal tDCS elevated and cathodal tDCS suppressed neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). Anodal tDCS specifically promoted the activity of task-related M1 neurons during task performance, suggesting that elevated Hebbian synaptic potentiation in task-activated circuits accounts for the motor learning enhancement. Thus, application of tDCS concurrent with the targeted behavioral dysfunction could be an effective approach to treating brain disorders.
Subject(s)
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods , Motor Cortex/physiology , Neurons , Transcranial Magnetic StimulationABSTRACT
A process involving the use of membrane bioreactor seeded with aerobic granular sludge (GMBR) was applied to the treatment of sewage containing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The removal effects of five kinds of medicines in the reactor were investigated, and the microbial communities were constructed by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. We also determined the effects of different sludge retention and hydraulic retention times (SRT and HRT, respectively) and influent organic loading on GMBR's efficiency in processing sewage containing PPCPs. The removal effects of the GMBR on five PPCPs varied. Using the GMBR, the removal rates of prednisolone, naproxen and norfloxacin were 98.56, 84.02 and 87.85%, respectively. The removal rates of sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen were 77.83 and 63.32%, respectively. In the system, PPCP drugs had relatively less effect on microbial diversity. A certain succession was observed in the structural variation of microbial species in the GMBR. Microorganisms that can degrade PPCPs gradually accumulated, and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, such as Firmicutes sp., Aeromonas sp. and Nitrospira sp., served a key function in the treatment of sewage containing antibiotics. Long SRT and HRT during the GMBR process can facilitate the removal of most PPCPs. The system efficiently removed PPCPs at high influent organic loading.
Subject(s)
Bioreactors/microbiology , Biota , Cosmetics/metabolism , Microbial Consortia , Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism , Sewage/chemistry , Water Purification/methods , Aerobiosis , Biotransformation , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis , Membranes/microbiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
21 cold-active strains which produced cold-active cellulase were isolated from Bohai Bay. One of the strains CNY01 was a kind of Trichoderma viride and its cellulase activity was 67.30 U/mL. Through UV and DES mutation, the strain CNY086 was bred and its cellulase activity was 92.17 U/mL. The strain CNY086 had stable ability to produce cellulase. Through orthogonal experiment, the optimal condition of the fermentation medium had been tested. The suitable medium was that straw power 1.20%, bran 0.70%, (NH4)2SO4 0.50%, KH2PO4 0.55%, in this condition the cellulase activity came to 108.55 U/mL.
ABSTRACT
Based on the research of text (Ⅰ) which determined the fermentation medium, the fermentation condition of CNY086 including temperature, volume, inoculum and inoculum age had been studied by single factor and orthogonal experiment. The optimum temperature, liquid volume, inoculum and seed age were 15?C, 250 mL/500 mL, 15%, 10 h. Under the conditions above mentioned, enzyme activity reached 104.36 U/mL in 5 L fermentor.
ABSTRACT
"Three-multi" overall evaluation system on the teaching effect of Microbiology experiment,which consisted of multi-aspect,multi-angle and multi-level,was discussed in this paper. The evaluation system showed a remarkable effect in stimulating the leaning interests of students especially.
ABSTRACT
The fermentation conditions of high 1.3 -propanediol-producing strain E. aero-N-56 were determined in this Paper. The optimum conditions of producing 1.3-PD were: initial pH 7.0, temperature 30℃, culture time 48 h, inoculum size 9% . Under the optimum conditions: the 1.3-PD productivity reached up to 23.68 g/L?d; the 1,3-PD yield of E. aero-N-56 up to 47.36 g/L in 30 L fermentor.
