ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) is the popular and widely used instrument, whether in mental health screening, psychological consultation, or the diagnosis and estimate of mental illness. In 1984, it was translated from theEnglish version into Chinese and then SCL-90 has been widely used in China. It is a pity that the item text of Chinese version has not been revised since the birth of it until today. We analyzed the Chinese version of the 90-item text from 3 new perspectives: translation, semantic, and cross-cultural, and thought that 18 items should be revised. This study' results have taken one step forward on the basis of previous studies, which will play an important role in improving the quality of Chinese version SCL-90 and improving the mental health level of Chinese people.
Subject(s)
Checklist/standards , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Psychological Tests/standards , Semantics , Symptom Assessment/standards , Asian People/psychology , China , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Humans , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , TranslationsABSTRACT
The current anthrax vaccine imparts protective immunity by generating a humoral immune response against a single antigen, the PA exotoxin subunit. While this response neutralizes the two anthrax exotoxins and protects the recipient from toxin-related mortality, the recipient is not protected from spore germination, infection, and/or bacteremia. Moreover, protective immunity against PA must be generated via a lengthy injection schedule and maintained by a yearly booster. In an effort to improve upon the current vaccine formulation, we screened six of seven known virulence factors encoded by Bacillus anthracis epigenetic elements pXO1 and pXO2 as well as the major surface proteins EA1 and SAP. Screening was carried out in conjunction with a plasmid-based technology known for its ability to generate type 1 and type 2 T-helper responses. Long-term high level antibody titers were generated against the products of eag (EA1), sap (SAP), and the capA capsule synthesis subunit in vivo. Further analysis of PA- and EA1-vaccinated mice demonstrated antigen-specific type 1 helper responses including IFN-gamma secretion and lysis of EA1- or PA-loaded macrophages; further, an EA1 T-cell epitope was identified. The results demonstrate that anthrax antigens other than PA might be suitable for the generation of durable immune responses against anthrax.
Subject(s)
Anthrax Vaccines/immunology , Anthrax/immunology , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Bacillus anthracis/immunology , Bacterial Toxins/immunology , Exotoxins/immunology , Plasmids/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th2 Cells/immunology , Vaccination , Animals , Antigens, Bacterial/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Bacterial Toxins/genetics , Epigenesis, Genetic , Exotoxins/genetics , Female , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Macrophages/metabolism , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Protein Subunits/genetics , Protein Subunits/immunology , Species Specificity , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunologyABSTRACT
We describe the use of retrogen plasmid-based vaccine technology to break tolerance and to generate a robust, dose-dependent antibody response against the self cancer antigen, survivin. We further demonstrate that this phenomenon is due to the incorporation of the survivin antigen into the retrogen system rather than to some peculiarity unique to survivin. In contrast to other genetic immunization methods designed to produce antibody responses, the retrogen system results in a broad range of antibody isotypes, indicative of both a Th-1 and a Th-2 CD4+ response. Additional evidence of a Th-1 response is demonstrated by tumor growth inhibition in a mouse model of colon cancer metastasis. We speculate that this cost-effective technology could one day bolster or even supplant the use of monoclonal antibodies in the targeting of cell surface cancer antigens.
