ABSTRACT
In this study, the role of E3 ubiquitin ligase GmSNE3 in halosulfuron methyl (HSM) inhibiting soybean nodulation was investigated. GmSNE3 was strongly induced by HSM stress, and the overexpression of GmSNE3 significantly reduced the number of soybean nodules. Further investigation found that GmSNE3 could interact with a nodulation signaling pathway 1 protein (GmNSP1a) and GmSNE3 could mediate the degradation of GmNSP1a. Importantly, GmSNE3-mediated degradation of GmNSP1a could be promoted by HSM stress. Moreover, HSM stress and the overexpression of GmSNE3 resulted in a substantial decrease in the expression of the downstream target genes of GmNSP1a. These results revealed that HSM promotes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of GmNSP1a by inducing GmSNE3, thereby inhibiting the regulatory effect of GmNSP1a on its downstream target genes and ultimately leading to a reduction in nodulation. Our findings will promote a better understanding of the toxic mechanism of herbicides on the symbiotic nodulation between legumes and rhizobia.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Glycine max , Herbicides , Plant Proteins , Plant Root Nodulation , Sulfonylurea Compounds , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases , Glycine max/genetics , Glycine max/metabolism , Glycine max/chemistry , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Herbicides/pharmacology , Plant Root Nodulation/genetics , Plant Root Nodulation/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Sulfonylurea Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Imazamox (IM) is a chiral pesticide that has been widely used in agriculture. Currently, few studies have investigated the toxicity mechanisms of imazamox to aquatic macrophyte from the enantiomer level. In this study, the enantioselective effects of IM on the toxicity and physiological and biochemical system of aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor were systematically investigated. Metabolomic and transcriptomic for Lemna minor were used to identify potential mechanisms of toxicity. 7 d EC50s for racemic-, R-, and S-IM were 0.036, 0.035, and 0.203 mg/L, respectively, showing enantioselective toxicity. In addition, IM caused Lemna minor lipid peroxidation and antioxidant damage, and inhibited the activities of the target enzymes. Metabolomic and transcriptomic data indicated that R-IM interferenced differentially expressed genes and metabolites of Lemna minor which were enriched in carbon fixation during photosynthesis, glutathione metabolic pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, zeatin biosynthesis, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. S-IM affected phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, zeatin biosynthesis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Racemic-IM influenced carbon fixation during operation, glutathione metabolic pathway, zeatin biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway. The results provide new insights into the enantioselective toxicity mechanisms of IM to Lemna minor, and lay the foundation for conducting environmental risk assessments.
Subject(s)
Araceae , Transcriptome , Araceae/genetics , Imidazoles , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A simple and reliable analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of tiafenacil and its six metabolites in fruits. The method involves three steps: extraction using acidified acetonitrile, clean-up by octadecylsilane(C18) and graphitized carbon black (GCB), and detection using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was validated on seven matrices spiked at 10, 100 and 1000 µg kg-1. Average recoveries ranged from 73% to 105% with intra-day RSDr (n = 5) of 1.0%-13.0% and inter-day RSDR (n = 15) of 1.1%-14.6%. Good linearities (R2 > 0.9911) were obtained for seven analytes in all matrices. The limit of quantification (LOQs) for tiafenacil and its six metabolites were 10 µg kg-1 in all matrices. This analytical method provides a basis for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRL) and for the monitoring of tiafenacil residues in fruits.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Food Contamination/analysis , Fruit/chemistry , Herbicides/analysis , Pyrimidines/analysis , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Acetonitriles/chemistry , Chemical Fractionation , Food Analysis/methods , Herbicides/metabolism , Limit of Detection , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Imidazolinone herbicides are a group of chiral herbicides that are widely used to control weeds in crops. Despite their wide use, few studies on the behavior of enantiomers in terrestrial systems have been reported. In this study, the bioaccumulation of imazamox, imazapic, and imazethapyr enantiomers in earthworm and their degradation in soils were assessed using earthworm-soil microcosms. The bioaccumulation of the three herbicides in earthworm was not significantly enantioselective. Imazamox and imazethapyr did not significant stereoselective degradation in soil (p > 0.05), while the enantioselectivity of the degradation of imazapic was significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, biota to soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values were also calculated for three herbicides. Relationships between BSAF values and organic matter content of soil and log KOW of herbicides were investigated. The BSAFs values were negatively correlated with the log KOW of herbicides, and were positively correlated with organic matter content of soil in earthworm-soil microcosms. These relationships indicated that chemical hydrophobicity (Kow) and organic matter content of soil were good predictors to estimate the bioavailability of imidazolinone herbicides to earthworm.
Subject(s)
Oligochaeta , Animals , Bioaccumulation , Herbicides , Soil , Soil Pollutants , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A method for simultaneously determining indaziflam and its five metabolites in soil, water, and fruits using ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was established. The analytes were eluted in <4.5 min. Positive electrospray ionization mode was used. The analytes were extracted using acetonitrile containing 1% ammonium hydroxide, and then the extracts were purified using octadecylsilane and PRiME HLB cartridges. The quantification limits were 0.01-1.01 µg kg-1. The linearities of the calibrations for all analytes were excellent ( R2 > 0.9952). The recoveries at spike concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg kg-1 were 81.3-112.1%. The intraday and interday relative standard deviations were <13.5% and <12.3%, respectively. The method was successfully used to determine indaziflam and its five metabolites in samples from markets and fields. The results confirmed that the method is an effective and robust procedure for routinely determining indaziflam and its metabolites in soil, water, and fruit samples.
