LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a novel target for opening the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB).

Inner ear disorders are a cluster of diseases that cause hearing loss in more than 1.5 billion people worldwide. However, the presence of the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) on the surface of the inner ear capillaries greatly hinders the effectiveness of systemic drugs for prevention and intervention due to the low permeability, which restricts the entry of most drug compounds from the bloodstream into the inner ear tissue. Here, we report the finding of a novel receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), that is expressed on the BLB, as a potential target for shuttling therapeutics across this barrier. As a proof-of-concept, we developed an LRP1-binding peptide, IETP2, and covalently conjugated a series of model small-molecule compounds to it, including potential drugs and imaging agents. All compounds were successfully delivered into the inner ear and inner ear lymph, indicating that targeting the receptor LRP1 is a promising strategy to enhance the permeability of the BLB. The discovery of the receptor LRP1 will illuminate developing strategies for crossing the BLB and for improving systemic drug delivery for inner ear disorders.

Transcriptome analysis of the early stage ifnlr1-mutant zebrafish indicates the immune response to auditory dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: IFNLR1 has been recently identified to be related to autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (ADNSHL). It is reported to be expressed in the inner ear of mice and the lateral line of zebrafish. However, it remains unclear how defects in this gene lead to hearing loss. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the global gene expression changes in zebrafish when the expression of ifnlr1 is downregulated. METHODS: Transcriptome analysis was performed on ifnlr1 morpholino knockdown zebrafish and the control zebrafish using RNA-seq technology. RESULTS: The results show that 262 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated while 146 DEGs were down-regulated in the E4I4-Mo zebrafish larvae compared to the control-Mo. Six pathways were significantly enriched, including steroid biosynthesis pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, p53 signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway. Among them, three pathways (steroid biosynthesis pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and p53 signaling pathway) are immune-associated. CONCLUSIONS: The transcriptome analysis results contribute to the groundwork for future research on the pathogenesis of IFNLR1-associated hearing loss.

Syndromic Deafness Gene ATP6V1B2 Controls Degeneration of Spiral Ganglion Neurons Through Modulating Proton Flux.

ATP6V1B2 encodes the V1B2 subunit in V-ATPase, a proton pump responsible for the acidification of lysosomes. Mutations in this gene cause DDOD syndrome, DOORS syndrome, and Zimmermann-Laband syndrome, which share overlapping feature of congenital sensorineural deafness, onychodystrophy, and different extents of intellectual disability without or with epilepsy. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate the pathological role of mutant ATP6V1B2 in the auditory system, we evaluated auditory brainstem response, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, in a transgenic line of mice carrying c.1516 C > T (p.Arg506∗) in Atp6v1b2, Atp6v1b2 Arg506*/Arg506* . To explore the pathogenic mechanism of neurodegeneration in the auditory pathway, immunostaining, western blotting, and RNAscope analyses were performed in Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice. The Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice showed hidden hearing loss (HHL) at early stages and developed late-onset hearing loss. We observed increased transcription of Atp6v1b1 in hair cells of Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice and inferred that Atp6v1b1 compensated for the Atp6v1b2 dysfunction by increasing its own transcription level. Genetic compensation in hair cells explains the milder hearing impairment in Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice. Apoptosis activated by lysosomal dysfunction and the subsequent blockade of autophagic flux induced the degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons and further impaired the hearing. Intraperitoneal administration of the apoptosis inhibitor, BIP-V5, improved both phenotypical and pathological outcomes in two live mutant mice. Based on the pathogenesis underlying hearing loss in Atp6v1b2-related syndromes, systemic drug administration to inhibit apoptosis might be an option for restoring the function of spiral ganglion neurons and promoting hearing, which provides a direction for future treatment.

Oridonin ameliorates noise-induced hearing loss by blocking NLRP3 - NEK7 mediated inflammasome activation.

Inflammation is involved in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), but the mechanism is still unknown. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which triggers the inflammatory cascade, has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases in response to oxidative stress. However, whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key factor for permanent NIHL is still unknown. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) demonstrated that the expression levels of activated caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-18, and NLRP3 were significantly increased in the cochleae of mice exposed to broadband noise (120 dB) for 4 h, compared with the control group. These results indicate that the activation of inflammasomes in the cochleae of mice during the pathological process of NIHL as well as NLRP3, a sensor protein of reactive oxygen species (ROS), may be key factors for inflammasome assembly and subsequent inflammation in cochleae. Moreover, many recent studies have revealed that NEK7 is an important component and regulator of NLRP3 inflammasomes by interacting with NLRP3 directly and that these interactions can be interrupted by oridonin. Here, we further determined that treatment with oridonin could indeed interrupt the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7 as well as inhibit the downstream inflammasome activation in mouse cochleae after noise exposure. Furthermore, we tested anakinra, another inflammatory inhibitor, and it was shown to partially alleviate the degree of hearing impairment in some frequencies in an NIHL mouse model. These discoveries suggest that inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes and the downstream signaling pathway may provide a new strategy for the clinical treatment of NIHL.

Generation of a gene corrected human isogenic iPSC line (CPGHi002-A-1) from a DDOD patient with heterozygous c.1516 C>T mutation in the ATP6V1B2 gene.

Dominant deafness-onychodystrophy (DDOD) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in ATP6V1B2 gene. We previously generated an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line (CPGHi002-A) from a DDOD patient with a heterozygous c.1516 C>T mutation in the ATP6V1B2 gene. Here we genetically corrected the c.1516 C>T mutation in the ATP6V1B2 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate an isogenic control, CPGHi002-A-1. The characterization of CPGHi002-A-1 demonstrates normal karyotype, pluripotent state, and potential to differentiate in vitro towards endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

ROS-Responsive Nanoparticle as a Berberine Carrier for OHC-Targeted Therapy of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are two key pathogeneses of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), which leads to outer hair cell (OHC) damage and hearing loss. In this work, we successfully developed ROS-responsive nanoparticles as berberine (BBR) carriers (PL-PPS/BBR) for OHC-targeted therapy of NIHL: Prestin-targeting peptide 2 (PrTP2)-modified nanoparticles (PL-PPS/BBR), which effectively accumulated in OHC areas, and poly(propylene sulfide)120 (PPS120), which scavenged ROS and converted to poly(propylene sulfoxide)120 in a ROS environment to disintegrate and provoke the rapid release of BBR with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, satisfactory anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of PL-PPS/BBR were confirmed. Immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that PL-PPS/BBR effectively accumulated in OHCs and protected the morphological integrity of OHCs. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) results demonstrated that PL-PPS/BBR significantly improved hearing in NIHL guinea pigs after noise exposure. This work suggested that PL-PPS/BBR may be a new potential treatment for noise-associated injury with clinical application.

Congenital sensorineural hearing loss as the initial presentation of PTPN11-associated Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines or Noonan syndrome: clinical features and underlying mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Germline variants in PTPN11 are the primary cause of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) and Noonan syndrome (NS), which share common skin and facial symptoms, cardiac anomalies and retardation of growth. Hearing loss is considered an infrequent feature in patients with NSML/NS. However, in our cohort, we identified a group of patients with PTPN11 pathogenic variants that were primarily manifested in congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This study evaluated the incidence of PTPN11-related NSML or NS in patients with congenital SNHL and explored the expression of PTPN11 and the underlying mechanisms in the auditory system. METHODS: A total of 1502 patients with congenital SNHL were enrolled. Detailed phenotype-genotype correlations were analysed in patients with PTPN11 variants. Immunolabelling of Ptpn11 was performed in P35 mice. Zebrafish with Ptpn11 knockdown/mutant overexpression were constructed to further explore mechanism underlying the phenotypes. RESULTS: Ten NSML/NS probands were diagnosed via the identification of pathogenic variants of PTPN11, which accounted for ~0.67% of the congenital SNHL cases. In mice cochlea, Shp2, which is encoded by Ptpn11, is distributed in the spiral ganglion neurons, hair cells and supporting cells of the inner ear. In zebrafish, knockdown of ptpn11a and overexpression of mutant PTPN11 were associated with a significant decrease in hair cells and supporting cells. We concluded that congenital SNHL could be a major symptom in PTPN11-associated NSML or NS. Other features may be mild, especially in children. CONCLUSION: Screening for PTPN11 in patients with congenital hearing loss and variant-based diagnoses are recommended.

Establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cell line (CPGHi002-A) from a 10-month-old female patient with DDOD syndrome carrying a heterozygous c.1516 C > T mutation in ATP6V1B2.

Dominant deafness-onychodystrophy (DDOD) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder with no concrete therapies in human. We previously identified c.1516 C > T (p.Arg506*) in ATP6V1B2 as cause of DDOD syndrome, accounting for all cases of this genetic disorder. The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated using the non-integrating episomal vector method from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a 10-month-old female DDOD patient with heterozygous ATP6V1B2 c.1516 C > T variant. This cell line may serve as a useful model for studying the pathogenic mechanisms and treatment of DDOD syndrome.

A subunit of V-ATPases, ATP6V1B2, underlies the pathology of intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: Dominant deafness-onychodystrophy (DDOD) syndrome is a rare disorder mainly characterized by severe deafness, onychodystrophy and brachydactyly. We previously identified c.1516C > T (p.Arg506X) in ATP6V1B2 as cause of DDOD syndrome, accounting for all cases of this genetic disorder. Clinical follow-up of DDOD syndrome patients with cochlear implantation revealed the language rehabilitation was unsatisfactory although the implanted cochlea worked well, which indicates there might be learning and memory problems in DDOD syndrome patients. However, the underlying mechanisms were unknown. METHODS: atp6v1b2 knockdown zebrafish and Atp6v1b2 c.1516C > T knockin mice were constructed to explore the phenotypes and related mechanism. In mutant mice, auditory brainstem response test and cochlear morphology analysis were performed to evaluate the auditory function. Behavioral tests were used to investigate various behavioral and cognitive domains. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate functional connectivity in the mouse brain. Immunofluorescence, Western blot, and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to examine the expression and interactions between the subunits of V-ATPases. FINDINGS: atp6v1b2 knockdown zebrafish showed developmental defects in multiple organs and systems. However, Atp6v1b2 c.1516C > T knockin mice displayed obvious cognitive defects but normal hearing and cochlear morphology. Impaired hippocampal CA1 region and weaker interaction between the V1E and B2 subunits in Atp6v1b2Arg506X//Arg506X mice were observed. INTERPRETATION: Our study extends the phenotypic range of DDOD syndrome. The impaired hippocampal CA1 region may be the pathological basis of the behavioral defects in mutant mice. The molecular mechanism underlying V-ATPases dysfunction involves a weak interaction between subunits, although the assembly of V-ATPases can still take place.

Follicle-stimulating hormone inhibits cervical cancer via NF-κB pathway.

BACKGROUND: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has multiple biological functions. It is currently considered that FSH can inhibit cervical cancer, and our aim was to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vivo experiment using nude mice injected with HeLa cells was performed. Flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR analyses were done. RESULTS: Twenty one days after injection of HeLa cells, the subcutaneous tumor mass was significantly lower (P<0.01) in mice treated with 20 mIU/mL FSH, but did not disappear. In vitro observations indicated that FSH might inhibit cell proliferation and activate cell apoptosis to induce the reduction of HeLa cells. The mRNA and protein levels of Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, and Caspase 3 changed accordingly as expected in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, FSH inactivated the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in subcutaneous tumors; the NF-κB(p65) activity in HeLa cells was significantly decreased using 20 mIU/mL FSH and was increased when FSH was administered along with lipopolysaccharide, accompanied by the same change of cell number. Further, FSH accelerated protein kinase A (PKA) activity, but inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3ß) activity. Specific inhibition of PKA and/or GSK-3ß provided in vitro evidence that directly supported the FSH-mediated inhibition of GSK-3ß to inactivate NF-κB via the promotion of PKA activity. CONCLUSION: Our data are the first description of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of FSH-mediated inhibition of the development of cervical cancer by decreasing the cell cycle and activating cell apoptosis via the PKA/GSK-3ß/NF-κB pathway.

Synthesis of butyl oleate catalyzed by cross-linked enzyme aggregates with magnetic nanoparticles in rotating magneto-micro-reactor.

In order to increase application of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) in industry production, a novel micro-reactor system that included a rotating magnetic field (RMF), a micro-reactor and CLEAs with magnetic nanoparticles (M-CLEAs) was designed to synthesize butyl oleate. Result showed that the presence of RMF significantly increased the yield of butyl oleate and the maximum increment was 23%. The yield of butyl oleate was impacted by the dosage and distribution of M-CLEAs in micro-reactor. M-CLEAs showed good reusability, since the morphology and the second structure of protein of M-CLEAs did not show evident change after 4 operative cycles. Although the three-dimensional fluorescence of M-CLEAs showed shift in fluorescence intensity and the maximum emission wavelengths, the yield of butyl oleate was not affected. This study provides a novel design that realized efficient, convenient and continuous application of CLEAs in biosynthesis, and M-CLEAs also show good promises in industry production.

Rapid analysis of neomycin in cochlear perilymph of guinea pigs using disposable SPE cartridges and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Irreversible hearing loss induced by aminoglycoside in human through local or systemic administration route negatively impacts quality of life. The aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method suitable for the detection and quantification of neomycin in cochlear perilymph of guinea pig after local application. The SupelMIP SPE column was used for the pre-treatment of matrix. Chromatographic separation was conducted by a reversed phase ODS column (100 × 2.1 mm, 3 µm) at 40 °C in gradient mode with 0.2‰ (v/v) HFBA in water and 0.2‰ (v/v) HFBA in acetonitrile as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min, with retention time of 3.50 and 3.62 min for internal standard tobramycin and analyte neomycin, respectively. The MS was performed with positive ionization mode, with data acquisition in Multi Reaction Monitor (MRM) mode. This method was proved to be specific, accurate (97.1-115% of nominal values) and precise (CV% < 15%). Calibration curves for matrix matched standard of neomycin ranged from 1.25 to 200 µg/mL, with LOD and LLOQ of 0.625 and 1.25 µg/mL in blank matrix. The matrix effect was corrected to (-0.1) - 1.33 by adding internal standard. The relative SPE recovery values were ≥98.9% in low, medium and high QC samples. Neomycin in matrix proved to be stable under room temperature - and -20 °C, or under three freeze-thawing cycles, or under processing as well. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to a toxicokinetics study of neomycin in perilymph after round window membrane (RWM) administration, which was in accordance with threshold shift of auditory brainstem response (ABR) test related to hearing loss.

A Novel GJB2 compound heterozygous mutation c.257C>G (p.T86R)/c.176del16 (p.G59A fs*18) causes sensorineural hearing loss in a Chinese family.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a novel compound heterozygous mutations c.257C>G (p.T86R)/c.176del16 (p.G59A fs*18) in GJB2 result in hearing loss. METHODS: Allele-specific PCR-based universal array (ASPUA) screening and sequence analysis were applied to identify these mutations. 3D model was built to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to verify the susceptibility of the mutations. Furthermore, WT- and Mut-GJB2 DNA fragments, containing the mutation of c.257C>G and c.176del16 were respectively cloned and transfected into HEK293 and spiral ganglion neuron cell (SGNs) by lenti-virus delivery system to indicate the subcellular localization of the WT- and Mut-CX26 protein. RESULTS: A novel compound heterozygous mutation c.257C>G (p.T86R)/c.176del16 (p.G59A fs*18) in GJB2 was identified in a Chinese family, in which 4 siblings with profound hearing loss, but the fifth child is normal. By ASPUA screening and sequencing, a compound heterozygote mutations in GJB2 c.257C>G (p.T86R)/c.176del16 (p.G59A fs*18) were identified in these four deaf children, each of the mutated GJB2 gene were inherited from their parents. There is no mutation of GJB2 gene identified in the normal child. Besides, the compound heterozygous mutation GJB2 c.257C>G (p.T86R)/c.176del16 (p.G59A fs*18) could lead to the alterations of the subcellular localization of each corresponding mutated CX26 protein and could cause the hearing loss, which has been predicted by MD simulation and verified in both 293T and SGNs cell line. CONCLUSION: The c.257C>G (p.T86R)/c.176del16 (p.G59A fs*18) compound mutations in GJB2 detected in this study are novel, and which may be associated with hearing loss in this Chinese family.

MCMV triggers ROS/NLRP3-associated inflammasome activation in the inner ear of mice and cultured spiral ganglion neurons, contributing to sensorineural hearing loss.

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infectious cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children. While the importance of CMV­induced SNHL has been described, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and the role of inflammatory responses remain elusive. The present study established an experimental model of hearing loss after systemic infection with murine CMV (MCMV) in newborn mice. Auditory brainstem responses were tested to evaluate hearing at 3 weeks, expression of inflammasome­-associated factors was assessed by immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. MCMV sequentially induced inflammasome­associated factors. Furthermore, the inflammasome­associated factors were also increased in cultured spiral ganglion neurons infected with MCMV for 24 h. In addition, MCMV increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggest that hearing loss caused by MCMV infection may be associated with ROS­induced inflammation.

Mutation of IFNLR1, an interferon lambda receptor 1, is associated with autosomal-dominant non-syndromic hearing loss.

Background Hereditary sensorineural hearing loss is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Objectives This study was designed to explore the genetic etiology of deafness in a large Chinese family with autosomal dominant, nonsyndromic, progressive sensorineural hearing loss (ADNSHL). Methods Whole exome sequencing and linkage analysis were performed to identify pathogenic mutation. Inner ear expression of Ifnlr1 was investigated by immunostaining in mice. ifnlr1 Morpholino knockdown Zebrafish were constructed to explore the deafness mechanism. Results We identified a cosegregating heterozygous missense mutation, c.296G>A (p.Arg99His) in the gene encoding interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) - a protein that functions in the Jak/ STAT pathway- are associated with ADNSHL Morpholino knockdown of ifnlr1 leads to a significant decrease in hair cells and non-inflation of the swim bladder in late-stage zebrafish, which can be reversed by injection with normal Zebrafish ifnlr1 mRNA. Knockdown of ifnlr1 in zebrafish causes significant upregulation of cytokine receptor family member b4 (interleukin-10r2), jak1, tyrosine kinase 2, stat3, and stat5b in the Jak1/STAT3 pathway at the mRNA level. ConclusionIFNLR1 function is required in the auditory system and that IFNLR1 mutations are associated with ADNSHL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study implicating an interferon lambda receptor in auditory function.

Hearing analysis in heterozygous and homozygous klotho gene deficient mice.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the crucial role of the klotho gene in hearing development in mouse models. METHODS: PCR was used to identify CBA mice with different genotypes, i.e. WT, heterozygous (klotho +/-) or homozygous (klotho -/-). Mice phenotype and weight were recorded postnatal 25 days (P-25) and auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were used to determine auditory function at P-60. RESULTS: klotho -/- mice tended to have smaller size, lighter weight and higher ABR thresholds at P-60, showing early onset age-related hearing loss (ARHL). CONCLUSION: Heterozygous and homozygous klotho deficient mice exhibit different degrees of hearing loss at young age, with homozygous mice (klotho -/-) showing more severe hearing loss. Our results indicate that persisted expression of klotho protein in the inner ear may potentially delay the onset of ARHL and play an important role in the protection of auditory function.

NLRP3-inflammasomes are triggered by age-related hearing loss in the inner ear of mice.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) or presbyacusis is a progressive loss of hearing sensitivity that is predominately associated with sensory or transduction neuro-cell degeneration in the peripheral and central auditory systems. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory response were frequently found in aging cochleae. In addition, inflammasomes are likely responsible for the accumulation of ROS in immune cells, although whether they are in fact involved in the development of ARHL is unknown. In this study, Q-PCR, WB and ELASA demonstrated significantly increased levels of activated Caspase-1, interleukin-1ß and interleukin-18 and even NLRP3 in the inner ears of aging mice compared to younger one. In addition, NLRP3, as a sensor protein of ROS, may contribute to inflammasome assembly and subsequent inflammation in the cochleae. In conclusion, inflammation triggered by the activation of inflammasomes in the cochleae of aging mice appears to be playing an important role in the pathological process of ARHL and may be a potential cause of presbyacusis.

Polymorphism of the 86th amino acid in CX26 protein and hereditary deafness.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the membrane localization function of the CX26 protein when its 86th amino acid is Thr, Ser or Arg, and its relations to deafness. METHODS: CX26-GFP protein with either Thr, Ser or Arg as the 86th amino acid was expressed in mouse SGN cells via the GFP fusion type lenti-virus expression system. The membrane localization of the fusion protein was observed under a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS: The mutated protein of CX26 T86S was localized to cell membrane and form gap conjunction structures, showing no difference to the wild type CX26 protein (with Thr as the 86th amino acid). However, the gap conjunction structure disappeared when the mutation was CX26 T86A. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the CX26 T86R mutation may be a cause of hearing loss, but CX26 T86S as a non-pathogenic polymorphism mutation does not affect functions of the CX26 protein. The results are in accordance with the results of clinical screening.

Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in miniature pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To report detection of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) in the miniature pig. METHODS: Potentials evoked by 1000 Hz tone bursts were recorded from neck extensor muscles and the masseter muscles in normal adult Bama miniature pigs anesthetized with 3% pentobarbital sodium and Carbachol II. RESULTS: The latency of the first positive wave P from neck extensor muscles was 7.65 ± 0.64 ms, with an amplitude of 1.66 ± 0.34 uv and a rate of successful induction of 75% at 80 dB SPL. The latency of potentials evoked from the masseter muscles was 7.60 ± 0.78 ms, with an amplitude of 1.31 ± 0.28 uv and a rate successful induction of 66% at 80 dB SPL. CONCLUSION: The latencies and thresholds of VEMPs recorded from the neck extensor muscle and the masseter muscle appear to be comparable in normal adult Bama miniature pigs, although the amplitude recorded from the neck extensor muscle seems to be higher than that from the masseter muscle. However, because of their usually relatively superficial and easily accessible location, as well as their large volume and strong contractions, masseter muscles may be better target muscles for recording myogenic potentials.

A screening analysis of the GJB2 c.176 del 16 mutation responsible for hereditary deafness in a Chinese family.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a new-born child from a family carrying a deafness gene needs cochlear implantation to avoid dysphonia by screening and sequencing a deafness-related gene. RESULTS: Both screening and sequencing results confirmed that the new born child had a normal GJB2 gene despite the fact that she has a brother suffering from hearing loss triggered by an allelic GJB2 c.176 del 16 mutation. We cloned the GJB2 genes derived from their respective blood genomic DNA into GFP fused plasmids and transfected those plasmids into the 293T cell line to test for gene function. While the mutated GJB2 gene (GJB2 c.176 del 16) of her deaf brother was found to be unable to form the gap junction structure between two adjacent cells, the baby girl's GJB2 gene ran into no such problems. CONCLUSION: The screening and sequencing as well as the GJB2 gene function tests invariably showed results consistent with the ABR tested hearing phenotype, which means that the child, with a normal wild type GJB2 gene, does not need early intervention to prevent her from developing hearing loss and dysphonia at a later stage in life.