lncRNA-WAL promotes triple-negative breast cancer aggression by inducing ß-catenin nuclear translocation.

Because of its insensitivity to existing radiotherapy, namely chemotherapy and targeted treatments, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a great challenge to overcome. Increasing evidence has indicated abnormal Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation in TNBC but not luminal or HER2+ breast cancer, and lncRNAs play a key role in a variety of cancers. Through lncRNA microarray profiling between activated and inactivated wnt/ß-catenin pathway of TNBC tissues, lnc-WAL (wnt/ß-catenin associated lncRNA; WAL) was selected as the top upregulated lncRNA in wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation compared with the inactivation group. RIP-seq was used to compare the ß-catenin and IgG groups, where lnc-WAL could interact with ß-catenin. Clinically, increased lnc-WAL in TNBC tumor tissue was associated with shorter survival. lnc-WAL promoted EMT, the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), and TNBC cells. Mechanistically, lnc-WAL inhibited ß-catenin protein degradation via Axin-mediated phosphorylation at serine 45. Subsequently, ß-catenin accumulated in the nucleus and activated the target genes. Importantly, wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation stimulated the transcription of lnc-WAL. These results pointed to a master regulatory role of lnc-WAL/Axin/ß-catenin in the malignant progression of TNBC. Our findings provide important clinical translational evidence that lnc-WAL may be a potential therapeutic target against TNBC. Implications: The positive feedback between lnc-WAL and the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway promotes TNBC progression, and lnc-WAL could be a potential prognostic marker for TNBC patients.

Dexamethasone-loaded ROS stimuli-responsive nanogels for topical ocular therapy of corneal neovascularization.

Dexamethasone (DEX) has been demonstrated to inhibit the inflammatory corneal neovascularization (CNV). However, the therapeutic efficacy of DEX is limited by the poor bioavailability of conventional eye drops and the increased risk of hormonal glaucoma and cataract associated with prolonged and frequent usage. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel DEX-loaded, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive, controlled-release nanogel, termed DEX@INHANGs. This advanced nanogel system is constructed by the formation of supramolecular host-guest complexes by cyclodextrin (CD) and adamantane (ADA) as a cross-linking force. The introduction of the ROS-responsive material, thioketal (TK), ensures the controlled release of DEX in response to oxidative stress, a characteristic of CNV. Furthermore, the nanogel's prolonged retention on the corneal surface for over 8 h is achieved through covalent binding of the integrin ß1 fusion protein, which enhances its bioavailability. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that DEX@INHANGs was not notably toxic to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Furthermore, DEX@INHANGs has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit angiogenesis in vitro. In a rabbit model with chemically burned eyes, the once-daily topical application of DEX@INHANGs was observed to effectively suppress CNV. These results collectively indicate that the nanomedicine formulation of DEX@INHANGs may offer a promising treatment option for CNV, offering significant advantages such as reduced dosing frequency and enhanced patient compliance.

Magnetic resonance imaging features for differentiating tuberculous from pyogenic spondylitis: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis comparing the MRI features of tuberculous and pyogenic spondylitis, using histopathological results and/or blood culture as the standard reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for English-language studies on the MRI features of tuberculous and pyogenic spondylitis published between January 2010 and February 2023. Risk for bias and concerns regarding applicability were assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Pooled MRI features' proportions were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria: 21 for tuberculous spondylitis, three for pyogenic spondylitis, and eight for both. Of the nine informative MRI features comparing tuberculous spondylitis to pyogenic spondylitis, involvement of ≥ 2 vertebral bodies (92% vs. 88%, P = .004), epidural extension (77% vs. 25%, P < .001), paravertebral collection (91% vs. 84%, P < .001), subligamentous spread (93% vs. 24%, P < .001), thin and regular abscess wall (94% vs. 18%, P < .001), vertebral collapse (68% vs. 24%, P < .001), and kyphosis (39% vs. 3%, P < .01) were more suggestive of tuberculous spondylitis, while disc signal change (82% vs. 95%, P < .001) and disc height loss (22% vs. 59%, P < .001) were more suggestive of pyogenic spondylitis. CONCLUSION: Involvement of ≥ 2 vertebral vertebral bodies, soft tissue attribution, thin and regular abscess wall, vertebral collapse, and kyphosis were MRI features more common in tuberculous spondylitis, while disc signal change and height loss were more common in pyogenic spondylitis.

Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the preoperative evaluation of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been recently used for the assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) to guide surgical operation in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the specificity and sensitivity of CEUS reported from previous studies are not consistent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of CEUS for the metastasis of cervical lymph nodes in PTC patients based on data from one regional central hospital. METHODS: The diagnostic value of CEUS in preoperative LNM of PTC patients was concluded by comparing the results of CEUS on lymph node status with postoperative pathology examination. In addition, this study conducted hierarchical analysis of PTC patients to explore whether tumor size, different lymph node regions, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis influence the assessment of CEUS. RESULTS: This research study ultimately enrolled 965 PTC patients, including 266 males and 699 females with a mean age of 42.27 ± 11.34 years. A total of 527 patients were considered clinical-node negative, and 438 were clinical-node positive before surgery. The specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of CEUS in the assessment of LNM in PTC patients were 56.00%, 71.00%, 57.06%, 69.76% and 62.59%, respectively. For central and lateral lymph nodes, the accuracy of CEUS in PTC patients was 49.43% and 54.30%, respectively. In addition, it was shown that the accuracy of CEUS in PTC patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) slightly decreased to 58.44%, and the accuracy of CEUS in PTC patients with non-HT in turn increased to 64.17%. The accuracy of CEUS in non-papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and PTMC patients was 65.68% and 61.24%, respectively. The accuracy of CEUS in predicting central LNM was significantly different between PTC patients with or without HT (P < 0.001) in this study but not for lateral lymph nodes (P = 0.114). CONCLUSION: The accuracy of CEUS in the assessment of LNM in PTC is not consistently satisfactory, especially for central lymph nodes, small tumor diameters, or patients with HT. More diagnostic technologies for abnormal lymph nodes should be considered in PTC patients.

Application of metabolomics in urolithiasis: the discovery and usage of succinate.

Urinary stone is conceptualized as a chronic metabolic disorder punctuated by symptomatic stone events. It has been shown that the occurrence of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) during stone formation is regulated by crystal growth modifiers. Although crystallization inhibitors have been recognized as a therapeutic modality for decades, limited progress has been made in the discovery of effective modifiers to intervene with stone disease. In this study, we have used metabolomics technologies, a powerful approach to identify biomarkers by screening the urine components of the dynamic progression in a bladder stone model. By in-depth mining and analysis of metabolomics data, we have screened five differential metabolites. Through density functional theory studies and bulk crystallization, we found that three of them (salicyluric, gentisic acid and succinate) could effectively inhibit nucleation in vitro. We thereby assessed the impact of the inhibitors with an EG-induced rat model for kidney stones. Notably, succinate, a key player in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, could decrease kidney calcium deposition and injury in the model. Transcriptomic analysis further showed that the protective effect of succinate was mainly through anti-inflammation, inhibition of cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. These findings indicated that succinate may provide a new therapeutic option for urinary stones.

Preparation and Biodistribution of 131I-labeled Hepatoma Nucleic Acid Nanotrain / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo construct 131Ⅰ-labeled hepatoma nucleic acid nanotrain and to explore its feasibility as a new nuclide carrier targeting hepatoma. MethodsThree short nucleic acid chains self-assembled to a long nucleic acid chain after being annealed， and 131Ⅰ-NT was obtained by radioiodine labeling using chloramine T method. The labeling efficiency and radiochemical purity of the nanoparticles were measured by paper chromatography. The stability of the labeled products in vitro at different temperatures and different storage solvents was detected. The specific uptake of nanoparticles by hepatocellular carcinoma cells was observed by laser confocal microscopy， and the radioactive uptake ratio of 131Ⅰ-NT combined with human hepatocellular carcinoma cell HepG2 and normal hepatocyte L02 was measured. The biodistribution of 131Ⅰ-NT was obtained through injecting 131Ⅰ-NT into HepG2 tumor-bearing mice via tail vein. ResultsThe labeling rate of 131Ⅰ-NT was （93.05±0.74） %， and the radiochemical purity post purification was （98.35±0.32） %. Its radiochemical purity in PBS and pure serum at 4℃ for 24 h was （92.77±0.04） % and （89.43±0.2） %， respectively. The radioactivity uptake rate of HepG2 cells was higher than that of L02 cells after 131Ⅰ-NT was incubated with two kinds of cells for 2 h significantly. After injection of 131Ⅰ-NT through tail vein， the radioactive uptake per gram of tumor tissue were （4.9±0.55）%ID/g， （10.12±0.32）%ID/g and （4.25±0.31）%ID/g at 30 min， 1 h and 2 h， respectively. The T/M ratio was 7.33±2.04， 36.54±12.72 and 44.93±7.90 respectively. ConclusionsThe 131Ⅰ-labeled long chain nucleic acid nanotrain was constructed successfully， which possesses relatively high stability in vitro ， and high targeting ability to HepG2 cells in vitro and HepG2 tumor-bearing mouse model. Our study demonstrated that 131Ⅰ-NT may be a potential radionuclide carrier targeting human liver cancer， which provides a new idea for the targeted radionuclide diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

An ultra-sensitive dual-signal ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor based on functionalized MOFs for detection of HER2.

The dual-signal radiometric sensor can effectively reduce the difference between repeated detection and achieve higher accuracy, sensitivity and repeatability detection. In this work, we constructed a simple ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor based on functionalized ZIF-67 and ZIF-90 for sensitive detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). ZIF-67@Ferrocene (Fc)/antimonate nano flakes (AMNFs) as the capture probe has a large specific surface area and good conductivity, and have a strong adsorption capacity for aptamer single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA). When the biomarker - HER2 interacts with aptamer ssDNA, it is easily desorbed from its surface. At the same time, ZIF-90@ methylene blue (MB) as the signal probe realizes one-step encapsulation of MB signal, which can avoid interference from external environment. When the target-HER2 exists, it is recognized by the capture probe, which leads to the decrease of the conductivity of the electrode. Under the action of the signal probe, the conductivity of the signal is recovered and the detection signal is amplified significantly. The designed ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor showed a wide linear range (0.5-1000 pg mL-1) and a low detection limit (155 fg mL-1) for HER2. Subsequently, it was applied to actual serum samples and showed acceptable applicability. It shows great potential for clinical screening and immediate detection of cancer biomarkers.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Endometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA) to Guide Personalized Embryo Transfer with Conventional Frozen Embryo Transfer in 281 Chinese Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of endometrial receptivity analysis (ERA)-guided personalized embryo transfer (pET) with conventional frozen embryo transfer (FET) in 281 Chinese women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 281 eligible patients with RIF were recruited and assigned to ERA (ERA followed by pET) and FET groups. The clinical pregnancy outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the ERA and FET groups in terms of endometrial thickness on the day of embryo transfer, mean attempts of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment, anti-Mullerian hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or antral follicle count in the fresh cycle (P>0.05). The ERA test identified 35% of samples as receptive and 65% as nonreceptive, and comparable pregnancy outcomes were observed between receptive and nonreceptive patients (P>0.05). Higher pregnancy and implantation rates were found in the ERA group than in the FET group (P<0.01), while no significant differences were detected between the 2 groups in terms of miscarriage rates (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study of Chinese women with RIF undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, ERA-guided pET resulted in a significant improvement in pregnancy and implantation rates when compared with FET.

Computed Tomography Features of Adnexal Torsion: A Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We performed a meta-analysis of studies examining the computed tomography (CT) features of adnexal torsion (AT). METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies involving the proportion of CT features in patients with AT and that used surgery as the reference test. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality tool. RESULTS: Twelve articles involving 483 patients were included. The pooled proportion of right-sided adnexal lesion was 54% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49%-56%). The pooled proportions of the ovarian lesion histopathological types were: benign germ cell tumors, 33% (95% CI: 28%-37%); benign cystic lesions, 26% (95% CI: 21%-30%); benign epithelial neoplasms, 24% (95% CI: 20%-29%); sex cord-stromal tumors, 4% (95% CI: 2%-6%); borderline neoplasms, 3% (95% CI: 1%-6%); and hemorrhagic cysts, 2% (95% CI: 0%-3%). The pooled proportions of CT features were: Adnexal enlargement, 99% (95% CI: 98%-99%); adnexal with mass, 98% (95% CI: 97%-100%); twisted pedicle, 81% (95% CI: 78%-83%); mass with thickened wall, 77% (95% CI: 73%-81%); tubal thickening, 73% (95% CI: 68%-77%); abnormal location of adnexa, 69% (95% CI: 63%-75%), pelvic ascites, 43% (95% CI: 38%-49%); pelvic fat infiltration, 41% (95% CI: 34%-48%); uterine deviation, 37% (95% CI: 31%-42%); and lack of enhancement, 20% (95% CI: 14%-25%). CONCLUSION: Adnexal enlargement, adnexal mass, and twisted pedicle may be the most important CT features for diagnosing AT.

Effectiveness comparison between endometrial receptivity array, immune profiling and the combination in treating patients with multiple implantation failure.

PROBLEM: The clinical value of endometrial receptivity array (ERA), endometrial immune profiling, or a combination of both for multiple implantation failure patients is unclear. METHOD OF STUDY: One hundred and seventy-two women with a history of at least two or more consecutive implantation failures in IVF/ICSI treatment were included. According to patients' willingness, they were divided into four groups, 'no treatment', 'Immune Profiling', 'ERA' and 'ERA + Immune Profiling'. Endometrial biopsy was examined by ERA, immune profiling alone, or combination, and intention was adopted accordingly. Pregnancy outcomes were compared, and the association between ERA phases and endometrial immune profiling was also assessed. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of the displaced window of implantation (WOI) and endometrial immune dysregulations were 84.9% and 75.3%, respectively. Implantation rate was significantly higher in the 'ERA + Immune Profiling' group than the 'no treatment' group (P = .007). Clinical pregnancy rate was somewhat improved in the three treatment groups but with a borderline significance (P = .071). After controlling for other confounders, 'ERA + Immune Profiling' treatment was associated with a higher pregnancy rate [aOR (95%CI)  = â€Š3.412 (1.387-8.395), P = .008]. There was no association between endometrial immune profiling and ERA phases. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the high incidence of displaced WOI and endometrial immune dysregulation in multiple implantation failure patients. The combination of ERA and endometrial immune profiling is more likely to have clinical value than ERA or immune profiling alone. These data suggested the unsubstitutability of ERA and endometrial immune profiling on the treatment outcome for multiple implantation failure patients.

Effects of dexmedetomidine on nuclear factor-KB inhibitor protein kinase/ nuclear factor-KB inhibitor protein a/nuclear factor-KB pathway and cognitive dysfunction in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on the nuclear factor-KB inhibitor protein kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor-KB inhibitor protein a (IKB(X)/nuclear factor-KB (N F - K B) pathway and cognitive dysfunction in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . Methods Rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, positive group and DEX group. Except for the control group, the PTSD model was constructed by single prolonged stress method (SPS), and the corresponding drugs were given after the completion the model. Open field test and Morris water maze method were used to detect the autonomous activity, learning and memory ability of rats; HE staining was used to observe the morphological characteristics of cerebral cortex and hippocampus; ELISA and Western blotting were used to detect the contents of interleukin (IL)-1(3, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) and the expression levels of IKK, IKB(X, purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R), leucine-rich repeat domain protein 3(NALP3) in hippocampus; the NF-KB activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results Compared with the control group, the cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of model group were in structural disorders, nuclear pyysis and other pathological changes happend, learning and memory ability of rats decreased (P < 0. 05), contents of IL-lp, IL-6 and TNF-a, expression levels of IKK, IKB(X, P2X7R and NALP3, NF-KB activity in hippocampus increased (P<0. 05); Compared with the model group, the pathological phenomena in cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA1 area of rats in positive group and DEX group were in alleviated, and the changes of the above indexes were opposite to those of model group (P<0. 05) . Conclusion DEX can significantly improve the autonomous activity ability and learning and memory ability in PTSD rats, reduce inflammatory reaction in hippocampus and improve cognitive dysfunction, which may be related to the down-regulation of IKK/TKBQ!/NF-KB pathway.

Wild plants used by the Lhoba people in Douyu Village, characterized by high mountains and valleys, in southeastern Tibet, China.

BACKGROUND: Douyu Village, inhabited by the Lhoba people, is situated within the Eastern Himalayas, in southeastern Tibet, China. The village is located among high mountains and valleys, which feature complex terrain with cold and dry climates and distinctive vegetation types and species. The Lhoba people in this village are isolated from other groups in China. The Lhoba people have lived in this village since the 15th century and mainly depended on gathering, hunting, and swidden agriculture before the 1960s. Because they have a long history and live under extreme climatic, geographical, and ecological conditions, the Lhoba people in Douyu Village may have unique traditional knowledge about wild plants. Thus, this research aims to record the traditional botanical knowledge of the Lhoba people in Douyu. METHODS: An ethnobotanical study was conducted on the Lhoba people in Douyu Village in Longzi County, Tibet, China. Semi-structured interviews and group discussions with informed consent were used in the study. We interviewed 41 informants (14 key informants) between 18 and 75 years of age. All information was collected, organized, and compiled into "use reports" for quantitative analysis. The informant consensus factor (ICF) was used to determine the homogeneity of the informants' knowledge of medicinal plants, while the cultural importance index (CI) was used to estimate the cultural importance of shared species. RESULTS: A total of 91 wild species (90 vascular plants and 1 fungus) belonging to 71 genera and 39 families utilized by the Lhoba people in Douyu were documented. Of these species, Pimpinella xizangense and Wikstroemia lungtzeensis are endemic to Longzi County, while Sinopodophyllum hexandrum and Paeonia ludlowii are endangered species in China. All habitats, from the field vegetation at the valley bottoms to the alpine shrubland and meadows, were used for plant collection, and the numbers of species of plants collected from the various vegetation types (except for fields) decreased with increasing altitude. Our study found that 55 species are edible plants and fungi, 29 species are medicinal plants, and 38 species are used for other purposes. Medicinal plants are used for 11 categories of diseases, among which diseases of blood-forming organs (ICF = 0.96) and gastrointestinal diseases (ICF = 0.95) exhibited the highest ICF values. Based on the CI values, the most important plants in this study area are Berberis xanthophloea, B. kongboensis, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, Vicatia thibetica, and Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. gyantsensis. Moreover, a comparison of the wild plants used by Lhoba ethnic groups in three counties in China showed significant differences among these regions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the wild plants utilized by the Lhoba people in Douyu Village are highly diverse, at 90 plant and one fungal species, which reflects not only the number of species but also their diversified functions. The extreme climatic, geographical, and ecological conditions of Douyu within the high mountains and valleys of the Eastern Himalayas potentially affect the Lhoba people's culture, including plant utilization practices, and contribute to the rich diversity of the wild plants used by the local people.

Tumor suppressor DRD2 facilitates M1 macrophages and restricts NF-κB signaling to trigger pyroptosis in breast cancer.

Rationale: Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most common cancer worldwide, and the 5-year relative survival rate has declined in patients diagnosed at stage IV. Advanced BrCa is considered as incurable, which still lack effective treatment strategies. Identifying and characterizing new tumor suppression genes is important to establish effective prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for late-stage BrCa. Methods: RNA-seq was applied in BrCa tissues and normal breast tissues. Through analyzing differentially expressed genes, DRD2 was selected for further analysis. And expression and promoter methylation status of DRD2 were also determined. DRD2 functions were analyzed by various cell biology assays in vitro. Subcutaneous tumor model was used to explore DRD2 effects in vivo. A co-cultivated system was constructed to investigate interactions of DRD2 and macrophages in vitro. WB, IHC, IF, TUNEL, qRT-PCR, Co-IP, Antibody Array, and Mass Spectrum analysis were further applied to determine the detailed mechanism. Results: In BrCa, DRD2 was found to be downregulated due to promoter methylation. Higher expression of DRD2 positively correlated with longer survival times especially in HER2-positive patients. DRD2 also promoted BrCa cells sensitivity to Paclitaxel. Ectopic expression of DRD2 significantly inhibited BrCa tumorigenesis. DRD2 also induced apoptosis as well as necroptosis in vitro and in vivo. DRD2 restricted NF-κB signaling pathway activation through interacting with ß-arrestin2, DDX5 and eEF1A2. Interestingly, DRD2 also regulated microenvironment as it facilitated M1 polarization of macrophages, and triggered GSDME-executed pyroptosis. Conclusion: Collectively, this study novelly manifests the role of DRD2 in suppressing BrCa tumorigenesis, predicting prognosis and treatment response. And this study further reveals the critical role of DRD2 in educating M1 macrophages, restricting NF-κB signaling pathway and triggering different processes of programmed cell death in BrCa. Taking together, those findings represent a predictive and therapeutic target for BrCa.

Procyanidins-crosslinked small intestine submucosa: A bladder patch promotes smooth muscle regeneration and bladder function restoration in a rabbit model.

Currently the standard surgical treatment for bladder defects is augmentation cystoplasty with autologous tissues, which has many side effects. Biomaterials such as small intestine submucosa (SIS) can provide an alternative scaffold for the repair as bladder patches. Previous studies have shown that SIS could enhance the capacity and compliance of the bladder, but its application is hindered by issues like limited smooth muscle regeneration and stone formation since the fast degradation and poor mechanical properties of the SIS. Procyanidins (PC), a natural bio-crosslinking agent, has shown anti-calcification, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties. More importantly, PC and SIS can crosslink through hydrogen bonds, which may endow the material with enhanced mechanical property and stabilized functionalities. In this study, various concentrations of PC-crosslinked SIS (PC-SIS) were prepared to repair the full-thickness bladder defects, with an aim to reduce complications and enhance bladder functions. In vitro assays showed that the crosslinking has conferred the biomaterial with superior mechanical property and anti-calcification property, ability to promote smooth muscle cell adhesion and upregulate functional genes expression. Using a rabbit model with bladder defects, we demonstrated that the PC-SIS scaffold can rapidly promote in situ tissue regrowth and regeneration, in particular smooth muscle remodeling and improvement of urinary functions. The PC-SIS scaffold has therefore provided a promising material for the reconstruction of a functional bladder.

The Novel Methylation Biomarker NPY5R Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common tumor in women, and the molecular mechanism underlying its pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate gene modules related to the phenotypes of BC, and identify representative candidate biomarkers for clinical prognosis of BC patients. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we here identified NPY5R as a hub gene in BC. We further found that NPY5R was frequently downregulated in BC tissues compared with adjacent tumor-matched control tissues, due to its aberrant promoter CpG methylation which was confirmed by methylation analysis and treatment with demethylation agent. Higher expression of NPY5R was closely associated with better prognosis for BC patients. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that transcriptome signatures concerning apoptosis and cell cycle were critically enriched in specimens with elevated NPY5R. Ectopic expression of NPY5R significantly curbed breast tumor cell growth, induced cell apoptosis and G2/M arrest. Moreover, NPY5R also promoted the sensitivity of BC cells to doxorubicin. Mechanistically, we found that NPY5R restricted STAT3 signaling pathway activation through interacting with IL6, which may be responsible for the antitumor activity of NPY5R. Collectively, our findings indicate that NPY5R functions as a tumor suppressor but was frequently downregulated in BC.

Effect of Guizhi Fulingwan on Ovulation Dysfunction in PCOS-IR Rats by Regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of Guizhi Fulingwan on ovulation dysfunction in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance （PCOS-IR） induced by letrazole combined with high fat emulsion. Method:A total of 72 female SD rats were randomly divided into control group， model group， metformin group and Guizhi Fulingwan low， medium and high dose groups， with 12 rats in each group. Except for control group， rats were given letrozole 0.001g·kg^-1 combined with high-fat emulsion 15 mL·kg^-1 for 21 consecutive days to establish model of PCOS-IR. Guizhi Fulingwan low， medium and high-dose groups were administrated with Guizhi Fulingwan 0.31， 0.62， 1.24 g·kg^-1 respectively， metformin group was administrated with metformin 0.27 g·kg^-1， control group and model group were administrated with 12 mL·kg^-1 of normal saline daily for 30 days. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe ovarian tissue pathology morphology， and enzyme-linked immunoassay method （ELISA） was used to detect serum follicle stimulating hormone （FSH）， luteinizing hormone （LH）， testosterone （T）， fasting insulin （FINS） level，and LH/FSH and insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） were calculated． Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy key molecular Atg6 yeast homologue （Beclin-1）， autophagy related gene 5（Atg5）， microtubule associated protein light chain 3 （LC3） Ⅱ proteins in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/rapamycin target protein （PI3K/Akt/mTOR） signaling pathway and autophagy related indicators in rat ovarian tissue. Beclin-1 and LC3Ⅱ protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. Result:Compared with control group， the thickness of follicles and follicular granulosa cells in the ovary of the model group also decreased， and the number of corpus luteum significantly decreased， while the white membrane thickness of the ovary increased， and the number of atresia follicles and cystic dilatation follicles increased significantly. Serum T， LH， LH/FSH， FINS， FINS， HOMA-IR were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Phosphorylated （p） -PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR proteins in ovarian tissue were all decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The relative expression levels of autophagy-related protein LC3Ⅱ and Beclin-1 were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with model group， the number of follicles in the low， medium and high dose Guizhi Fulingwan group and the metformin group decreased， the number of follicles in atresia and atresia increased， and the follicular granulosa cell layer thickness increased. Serum T， LH， LH/FSH， FINS and HOMA-IR of Guizhi Fulingwan group were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and serum FINS and HOMA-IR of metformin group were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The expressions of p-PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR proteins were increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The expression levels of LC3Ⅱ， Atg5 and Beclin-1 in the medium and high dose groups were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:Guizhi Fulingwan can activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway of granular cells， inhibit excessive autophagy of granular cells， improve ovarian function and insulin resistance， and restore ovulation， and the effect is better with high dose.

Effect of Guizhi Fulingwan on Autophagy of Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Mice with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of Guizhi Fulingwan on autophagy of ovarian granulosa cells in mice with polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS）. Method:Twenty SD mice were randomized into a normal group （<italic>n</italic>=10） and a PCOS model group （<italic>n</italic>=10）， followed by PCOS modeling and <italic>in vitro</italic> culture of extracted ovarian granulosa cells. The ovarian granulosa cells of normal mice were classified into the control group and treated with 10% blank serum while those of PCOS mice into the experimental groups and with 10% Guizhi Fulingwan-containing serum at different concentrations （17.6， 35.1， 70.2 mg·kg^-1） and 10% metformin-containing serum （25 mg·kg^-1）， respectively， for 72 h. During the modeling， the changes in mouse body weight were measured. After modeling， the ovarian morphology was observed by microscopy， and the fasting blood glucose （FBG） was measured by Roche glucometer. Following the detection of fasting insulin （FI） and testosterone （T） levels by radioimmunoassay， the proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells was determined using cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） to figure out the maximal dose of drug-containing serum that did not obviously affect the cell viability for subsequent assay. The autophagy of ovarian granulosa cells was examined by flow cytometry， and the protein expression levels of intracellular microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3Ⅰ （LC3Ⅰ）， LC3Ⅱ， Beclin1， and p62 were assayed by Western blott. Result:Compared with the blank group， the model group showed increased body weight and elevated FI， FBG， and T levels （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）， indicating the successful modeling of PCOS mice. Flow cytometric assay proved that the incubation with 10% Guizhi Fulingwan serum-containing medium resulted in a decline of autophagy （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. As demonstrated by Western blot assay results， the protein expression levels of Beclin1 and LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ in the model group increased significantly as compared with those of the blank group， whereas the expression level of p62 decreased significantly （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the medium- and high-dose Guizhi Fulingwan groups exhibited significantly down-regulated Beclin1 and LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ levels but remarkably up-regulated p62 （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:Guizhi Fulingwan inhibits the autophagy of ovarian granulosa cells by down-regulating the protein expression levels of Beclin1 and LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ.

[Cloning and expression analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes from Siraitia grosvenorii].

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase(HMGR) is the first rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonic acid(MVA)pathway and it is an important regulatory site in the metabolism of terpenoids in the cytoplasm. In this study, Siraitia grosvenorii that had been pollinated 0 day,1 day,3 days,15 days and 30 days were used as experimental materials. Based on the transcriptome data, two HMGR genes were cloned from S. grosvenorii cDNA and named SgHMGR2(GenBank Accession Numbers MT270447) and SgHMGR3(GenBank Accession Number MT270448). The two genes contain open reading frames(ORFs) of 1 746 bp and 1 782 bp, encoding 582 and 594 amino acids, and their molecular masses are estimated to be 62.7,63.2 kDa, respectively. Isoelectric point are 8.34 and 7.47, both of which do not contain signal peptides, are non-secretory proteins, and have two transmembrane structures. Combining the conserved regions of the proteins and the analysis of the evolutionary tree, it was confirmed that the genes are indeed HMGR family genes. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression pattern of SgHMGRs at different times after pollination, and the highest expression level was 15 days after pollination. Finally, two full-length SgHMGRs were cloned from S. grosvenorii for the first time, and the differential expression of SgHMGRs at different times after pollination was revealed, providing a research basis for the mining of key enzyme gene elements in the biosynthesis pathway of S. grosvenorii terpenoids.