ABSTRACT
Previous studies have reported that compounds bearing an arylamide linked to a heterocyclic planar ring have successfully inhibited the hemopexin-like domain (PEX9) of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). PEX9 has been suggested to be more selectively targeted than MMP9's catalytic domain in a degrading extracellular matrix under some pathologic conditions, especially in cancer. In this study, we aim to synthesize and evaluate 10 arylamide compounds as MMP9 inhibitors through an enzymatic assay as well as a cellular assay. The mechanism of inhibition for the most active compounds was investigated via molecular dynamics simulation (MD). Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock4.0 with PEX9 as the protein model to predict the binding of the designed compounds. The synthesis was carried out by reacting aniline derivatives with 3-bromopropanoyl chloride using pyridine as the catalyst at room temperature. The MMP9 assay was conducted using the FRET-based MMP9 kits protocol and gelatin zymography assay. The cytotoxicity assay was done using the MTT method, and the MD simulation was performed using AMBER16. Assay on MMP9 demonstrated activities of three compounds (2, 7, and 9) with more than 50% inhibition. Further inhibition on MMP9 expressed by 4T1 showed that two compounds (7 and 9) inhibited its gelatinolytic activity more than 50%. The cytotoxicity assay against 4T1 cells results in the inhibition of the cell growth with an EC50 of 125 µM and 132 µM for 7 and 9, respectively. The MD simulation explained a stable interaction of 7 and 9 in PEX9 at 100 ns with a free energy of binding of -8.03 kcal/mol and -6.41 kcal/mol, respectively. Arylamides have potential effects as selective MMP9 inhibitors in inhibiting breast cancer cell progression.
Subject(s)
Amides/pharmacology , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/drug effects , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Catalytic Domain , Chlorocebus aethiops , Drug Design , Humans , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Vero CellsABSTRACT
Development of specific and selective boron carriers is indispensable for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) application. Pentagamaboronon-0 (PGB-0) is a promising candidate as boron carrier compound due to the low but selective cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells. Formerly we reported synthesis of PGB-0 which was ineffective due to its low aqueous solubility. In the present study, we, therefore, introduced the new PGB-0 preparation complexed with sugars to increase its solubility in water. By synthesizing at room temperature and using flash chromatography for the purification, we produced PGB-0 with a yield of 40%. PGB-0 fructose complex (PGB-0-F) and PGB-0 sorbitol complex (PGB-0-Sor) were obtained with smaller particle size compared to PGB-0 suspension in water. Based on the MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of PGB-0-F and PGB-0-Sor were higher than PGB-0 even though still categorized as low cytotoxic agents. In conclusion, we provided PGB-0 with a new method and improved its solubility in water. Further investigations are still needed to develop more efficient PGB-0 as boron carrier for BNCT in various cancers.
ABSTRACT
Pentagamaboronon-0 (PGB-0), a curcumin analog compound, has been synthesized as a candidate of boron-carrier pharmaceutical (BCP) for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT); however, this compound is poorly soluble in water. To improve its solubility, aqueous formulations of PGB-0 with a monosaccharide, fructose or sorbitol, were successfully synthesized, namely PGB-0-F and PGB-0-So, respectively. The cytotoxicity study showed that PGB-0-F and PGB-0-So exerted low cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. The cellular uptake study using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and DAHMI live-cell imaging indicated that these compounds were accumulated and distributed within the cytoplasm and cell nuclei. The cellular uptake mechanism was also evaluated to clarify the contribution of the glucose transporter, and the results demonstrated that these compounds entered through active transport into MCF-7 cells but through passive diffusion into MDA-MB 231 cells. In conclusion, the sugar formulations of PGB-0 only improved PGB-0 solubility but had no role in its cellular uptake.
