Farasan Island of Saudi Arabia confronts the measurable impacts of global warming in 45 years.

Coastal vulnerability assessment is the key to coastal management and sustainable development. Sea level rise (SLR) and anthropogenic activities have triggered more extreme climatic events and made the coastal region vulnerable in recent decades. Many parts of the world also noticed increased sediment deposition, tidal effects, and changes in the shoreline. Farasan Island, located in the south-eastern part of Saudi Arabia, experienced changes in sediment deposition from the Red Sea in recent years. This study used Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) to delineate the shoreline changes of Farasan Island during 1975-2020. Multi-temporal Landsat data and DSAS were used for shoreline calculation based on endpoint rate (EPR) and linear regression. Results revealed an increase in vegetation area on the island by 17.18 km2 during 1975-1989 and then a decrease by 69.85 km2 during 1990-2020. The built-up land increased by 5.69 km2 over the study period to accommodate the population growth. The annual temperature showed an increase at a rate of 0.196 °C/year. The sea-level rise caused a shift in the island's shoreline and caused a reduction of land by 80.86 km2 during 1975-2020. The highly influenced areas by the environmental changes were the north, central, northwest, southwest, and northeast parts of the island. Urban expansion and sea-level rise gradually influence the island ecosystem, which needs proper attention, management, policies, and awareness planning to protect the environment of Farasan Island. Also, the study's findings could help develop new strategies and plan climate change adaptation.

Integrated approach to evaluate unstable rocky slopes: case study of Aqabat Al-Sulbat road in Aseer Province, Saudi Arabia.

In this applied research work, the risk of rock instability in the Aqabat Al-Sulbat road section located in the north-west area of Aseer Province in Saudi Arabia was evaluated, and the primary natural trigger factors of rock slope instability on further environmental components (rock slope stability, road network, and urban areas) were estimated using satellite images (Landsat8), digital terrain models, and geoprocessing in geographical information systems software (classification, overlapping algorithms and production thematic mapping in Arctoolbox). Additionally, field geotechnical investigations testing and over-coring drilling sampling allowed the characterization of the section of road in terms of geological structure and environmental components (geology, morphology, road network, lineaments, and hydrology). As a result, rock slope instability vulnerability mapping was simulated using satellite imagery and geographical information systems (GIS) and ranking natural trigger factors using the combined fuzzy Delphi analytical hierarchic process with the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) as multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. Additionally, many rock layer discontinuity stations were implemented to evaluate rock slope instabilities, and these were visualized using the Dips program and combined with modeling using 3DEC software to predict rock slope failure based on the distinct element method (DEM) at a small scale. Thereafter, safety factors were computed depending on these previous geospatial data. Finally, vulnerability index mapping was combined with rock instability risk mapping for the Aqabat Al-Sulbat road. Within the framework of sustainable development, these results can be used to inform the urban planning of the municipality of Aseer Province.