Survival benefits of human papillomavirus 16 infection in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma undergoing chemoradiotherapy: A retrospective cohort study.

The role of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HPV 16 in patients with ESCC and its impact on theirprognosis. HPV 16 was detected using FISH, and TP53 status was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. The factors influencing prognosis were ananalyzed using the Log-rank test and Cox regression analyses. Among 178 patients with ESCC, 105 and 73 patients were categorized into concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and postoperative chemoradiotherapy (POCRT) cohorts, respectively. Among 178 patients, 87 (48.87%) tested positive for HPV 16. Log-rank tests revealed that the overall survival (OS) of patients with ESCC who were HPV 16-positive was longer than that of those who were HPV 16-negative (median OS: 57 months vs. 27 months, p < 0.01**). HPV 16 infection and TP53 mutation status were identified as independent events. The OS of patients with mutant TP53 who were HPV 16-positive was longer than that of those who were HPV 16-negative in both CCRT and POCRT cohorts (p = 0.002** for CCRT cohorts and p = 0.0023** for POCRT cohorts). Conversely, HPV 16 infection had no effect on OS in the wild-type TP53 subgroup (p = 0.13 and 0.052 for CCRT and POCRT cohorts, respectively). As a conclusion, the positive rate of HPV 16 in ESCC in this study was 48.87% (87/178). Among the patients with ESCC who had TP53 mutation, those who were HPV 16-positive exhibited a better prognosis than those who were HPV 16-negative.

Multi-omics cluster defines the subtypes of CRC with distinct prognosis and tumor microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex malignancy characterized by diverse molecular profiles, clinical outcomes, and limited precision in prognostic markers. Addressing these challenges, this study utilized multi-omics data to define consensus molecular subtypes in CRC and elucidate their association with clinical outcomes and underlying biological processes. METHODS: Consensus molecular subtypes were obtained by applying ten integrated multi-omics clustering algorithms to analyze TCGA-CRC multi-omics data, including mRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, DNA methylation CpG sites, and somatic mutation data. The association of subtypes with prognoses, enrichment functions, immune status, and genomic alterations were further analyzed. Next, we conducted univariate Cox and Lasso regression analyses to investigate the potential prognostic application of biomarkers associated with multi-omics subtypes derived from weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The function of one of the biomarkers MID2 was validated in CRC cell lines. RESULTS: Two CRC subtypes linked to distinct clinical outcomes were identified in TCGA-CRC cohort and validated with three external datasets. The CS1 subtype exhibited a poor prognosis and was characterized by higher tumor-related Hallmark pathway activity and lower metabolism pathway activity. In addition, the CS1 was predicted to have less immunotherapy responder and exhibited more genomic alteration compared to CS2. Then a prognostic model comprising five genes was established, with patients in the high-risk group showing substantial concordance with the CS1 subtype, and those in the low-risk group with the CS2 subtype. The gene MID2, included in the prognostic model, was found to be correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway and distinct DNA methylation patterns. Knockdown of MID2 in CRC cells resulted in reduced colony formation, migration, and invasion capacities. CONCLUSION: The integrative multi-omics subtypes proposed potential biomarkers for CRC and provided valuable knowledge for precision oncology.

The AEG-1-USP10-PARP1 axis confers radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via facilitating homologous recombination-dependent DNA damage repair.

Radiotherapy is the standard adjuvant treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), yet radioresistance remains a major obstacle leading to treatment failure and unfavorable prognosis. Previous reports have demonstrated the involvement of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) in tumorigenesis and progression of multiple malignancies. Nevertheless, the precise role of AEG-1 in the radioresistance of ESCC remains elusive. Here, we unveiled a strong correlation between aberrant AEG-1 gene overexpression and malignant progression as well as adverse prognosis in ESCC patients. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that AEG-1 significantly alleviated irradiation-induced DNA damage and enhanced radiation resistance in ESCC cells. Mechanistically, AEG-1 recruited the deubiquitinase USP10 to remove the K48-linked polyubiquitin chains at the Lys425 of PARP1, thus preventing its proteasomal degradation. This orchestrated process facilitated homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair, culminating in mitigated DNA damage and acquired radioresistance in ESCC cells. Notably, PARP1 overexpression reversed the radiosensitizing effect caused by AEG-1 deficiency. Collectively, these findings shed new light on the mechanism of ESCC radioresistance, providing potential therapeutic targets to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy in ESCC.

H10Nx avian influenza viruses detected in wild birds in China pose potential threat to mammals.

H10 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been isolated from wild and domestic avian species worldwide and have occasionally crossed the species barrier to mammalian hosts. Fatal human cases of H10N8 infections and the recent detection of human H10N3 infections have drawn widespread public attention. In this study, 25 H10Nx viruses were isolated from wild waterfowl in China during a long-term surveillance of AIVs. We conducted phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of global H10 viruses to determine the spatiotemporal patterns of spread and the roles of different hosts in viral transmission. We found the pattern of AIV transmission from wild birds to poultry to humans, and Anatidae have acted as the seeding population in the spread of the virus. Phylogenetic incongruence indicated complex reassortment events and our isolates were divided into eight genotypes (G1-8). We also found that the HA genes of the G8 viruses belonged to the North American lineage, indicating that intercontinental gene flow has occurred. Their receptor-binding specificity showed that the G1/4/5/6/7/8 viruses bind to both human-type α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors and avian-type α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors. Mouse studies indicated that the H10Nx isolates replicated efficiently in the respiratory system without preadaptation, but showed low pathogenicity in mice. The H10Nx isolates showed no (G2/4/7) or low pathogenicity (G1/3/5/6/8) in chickens, and the G6 and G8 viruses could be transmitted to chickens through direct contact. The asymptomatic shedding of these wild-bird-origin H10Nx isolates in chickens and their good adaptation in mice should increase the ease of their transmission to humans, and they therefore pose a threat to public health. Our findings demonstrate a further understanding of wild bird-origin H10 viruses and provide information for the continuous surveillance of H10 subtype viruses.

Bioactive cytomembrane@poly(citrate-peptide)-miRNA365 nanoplatform with immune escape and homologous targeting for colon cancer therapy.

Colon cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal tumors in the world. Currently, the commonly used methods such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and drug treatments are often ineffective and have significant side effects. Here we developed a safe and efficient biomaterials based anti-tumor nanoplatform (M@NPs/miR365), which was formed with poly (citrate-peptide) (PCP), miRNA365 mimic and MC38 cancer cell membrane (M). PCP could efficiently deliver miR365 mimic into MC38 cancer cells, promote the apoptosis of MC38 tumor cells and regulate the expression of Bcl2 and Ki67 in vitro. Tumor cell membranes were prepared by a fast and convenient sonication method. This tumor cell membrane-coated drug delivery system M@NPs can effectively reduce macrophage uptake and increase the stability of NPs. And the MC38 tumor model mice experiment showed that M@NPs/miR365 via caudal vein injection effectively inhibit tumor development. Based on the immune escape and homologous targeting of cancer cells and efficient gene transfection ability of NPs, this "Trojan horse" like "Pseudotumor cell" carries the target gene miR365 mimic to the tumor site and realizes cancer therapy. Noteworthy, the drug delivery system has good biocompatibility. Thus, this safe drug delivery strategy mediated by cancer cell membrane and gene therapy may have a certain significance for reducing the gap between nanoplatform and tumor clinical treatment.

Lactate Albumin Ratio Is Associated With Mortality in Patients With Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health issue all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the prognostic value of lactate to albumin ratio (LAR) on patients with moderate to severe TBI. Methods: Clinical data of 273 moderate to severe TBI patients hospitalized in West China Hospital between May 2015 and January 2018 were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore risk factors and construct a prognostic model of in-hospital mortality in this cohort. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the discriminative ability of this model. Results: Non-survivors had higher LAR than survivors (1.09 vs. 0.53, p < 0.001). Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS; odds ratio [OR] = 0.743, p = 0.001), blood glucose (OR = 1.132, p = 0.005), LAR (OR = 1.698, p = 0.022), subdural hematoma (SDH; OR = 2.889, p = 0.006), intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH; OR = 2.395, p = 0.014), and diffuse axonal injury (DAI; OR = 2.183, p = 0.041) were independent risk factors of in-hospital mortality in included patients. These six factors were utilized to construct the prognostic model. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of single lactate, albumin, and LAR were 0.733 (95% Cl; 0.673-0.794), 0.740 (95% Cl; 0.683-0.797), and 0.780 (95% Cl; 0.725-0.835), respectively. The AUC value of the prognostic model was 0.857 (95%Cl; 0.812-0.901), which was higher than that of LAR (Z = 2.1250, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Lactate to albumin ratio is a readily available prognostic marker of moderate to severe TBI patients. A prognostic model incorporating LAR is beneficial for clinicians to evaluate possible progression and make treatment decisions in TBI patients.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses in Satellite-Tracked Wild Ducks, Ningxia, China, 2020.

During October 2020, we identified 13 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses from wild ducks in Ningxia, China. These viruses were genetically related to H5N8 viruses circulating mainly in poultry in Europe during early 2020. We also determined movements of H5N8 virus‒infected wild ducks and evidence for spreading of viruses.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5Nx) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b Emerging in Tibet, China, 2021.

H5N8 and H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of clade 2.3.4.4b were isolated from dead migratory birds and fecal samples collected in Tibet, China, in May 2021. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the viruses isolated in this study may have spread from wintering or stopover grounds of migratory birds in South Asia. We monitored two disparate clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx viruses in migratory birds in Tibet during their breeding season. The data revealed that breeding grounds may exhibit a potential pooling effect among avian influenza viruses in different migratory populations. IMPORTANCE In this study, 15 H5N8 and two H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b were isolated from dead migratory birds and fecal samples in Tibet, China. Isolates of H5N1 virus of clade 2.3.4.4b have been rarely reported in China. Our findings highlight that breeding grounds may exhibit a potential pooling effect among avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in different migratory populations. In addition to intensification of the surveillance of AIVs in migratory birds in Tibet, China, international cooperation should be strengthened.

RFC2: a prognosis biomarker correlated with the immune signature in diffuse lower-grade gliomas.

Diffuse lower-grade gliomas (LGG) represent the highly heterogeneous and infiltrative neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS). Replication factor C 2 (RFC2) is a subunit of the RFC complex that modulates DNA replication and repair. However, the prognosis value of RFC2 and its association with the immune signature of tumor microenvironment (TME) in LGG remains unknown. Based on Oncomine, TCGA, GTEx, TIMER, GEPIA, and HPA databases, we evaluated RFC2 expression levels and its clinical prognostic value in LGG and other cancers. Then we analyzed the correlations between RFC2 expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB), tumor microsatellite instability (MSI), and mismatch repair (MMR) genes across cancers. And CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms were conducted to estimate the association of RFC2 with immune cell infiltration of LGG. Additionally, we performed the functional enrichment analyses of RFC2 in LGG. Then functional experiments were employed to further validate the oncogenic role of RFC2 in LGG. Our results showed that RFC2 was widely highly expressed in most types of cancer. And its expression was closely related to the clinicopathological features and prognosis in LGG and other cancer types. RFC2 levels were also correlated with TMB and MSI across various cancers. Furthermore, RFC2 was positively associated with the infiltration levels of immune cells and immune checkpoint genes in LGG. Additionally, in vitro experiments revealed that RFC2 played an oncogenic role in LGG progression. In conclusion, our findings revealed that RFC2 could serve as a reliable biomarker to predict the prognosis and immune signature for LGG.

Propensity score analysis of the association between maternal exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke and birth defects in Northwestern China.

Previous studies have suggested that maternal active smoking can increase the risk of birth defects, but evidence on second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) is limited. We aimed to assess the association between maternal exposure to SHS and birth defects in a Chinese population. The data were based on a large-scale cross-sectional survey conducted in Shaanxi Province, China. Considering the characteristics of survey design and the potential impact of confounding factors, we adopted propensity score matching (PSM) to match the SHS exposure group and the non-exposure group to attain a balance of the confounders between the two groups. Subsequently, conditional logistic regression was employed to estimate the effect of SHS exposure on birth defects. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were conducted to verify the key findings. After nearest neighbor matching of PSM with a ratio of 2 and a caliper width of 0.03, there were 6,205 and 12,410 participants in the exposure and control group, respectively. Pregnant women exposed to SHS were estimated to be 58% more likely to have infants with overall birth defects (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.30-1.91) and 75% more likely to have infants with circulatory system defects (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.26-2.44). We also observed that the risk effect of overall birth defects had an increasing trend as the frequency of exposure increased. Additionally, sensitivity analyses suggested that our results had good robustness. These results indicate that maternal exposure to SHS likely increases the risk of overall birth defects, especially circulatory system defects, in Chinese offspring.

Emergence, prevalence, and evolution of H5N8 avian influenza viruses in central China, 2020.

Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses have caused several worldwide outbreaks in birds and are able cross the species barrier to infect humans, posing a substantial threat to public health. After the first detection of H5N8 viruses in deceased swans in Inner Mongolia, we performed early warning and active monitoring along swan migration routes in central China. We isolated and sequenced 42 avian influenza viruses, including 40 H5N8 viruses, 1 H5N2 virus, and 1 H9N2 virus, in central China. Our H5N8 viruses isolated in swan stopover sites and wintering grounds showed high nucleotide homologies in the whole genome, revealing a common evolutionary source. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b prevalent in 2020 have further diverged into two sub-clades: b1 and b2. The phylogeographic analysis also showed that the viruses of sub-clade b2 most likely originated from poultry in Russia. Notably, whooper swans were found to be responsible for the introduction of sub-clade b2 viruses in central China; whooper and tundra swans play a role in viral spread in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, respectively. Our findings highlight swans as an indicator species for transborder spreading and monitoring of the H5N8 virus.

Radiation induces NORAD expression to promote ESCC radiotherapy resistance via EEPD1/ATR/Chk1 signalling and by inhibiting pri-miR-199a1 processing and the exosomal transfer of miR-199a-5p.

BACKGROUND: Radioresistance, a poorly understood phenomenon, results in the failure of radiotherapy and subsequent local recurrence, threatening a large proportion of patients with ESCC. To date, lncRNAs have been reported to be involved in diverse biological processes, including radioresistance. METHODS: FISH and qRT-PCR were adopted to examine the expression and localization of lncRNA-NORAD, pri-miR-199a1 and miR-199a-5p. Electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were conducted to observe and identify exosomes. High-throughput microRNAs sequencing and TMT mass spectrometry were performed to identify the functional miRNA and proteins. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to investigate the biological effect of NORAD. ChIP, RIP-qPCR, co-IP and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to explore the interaction of related RNAs and proteins. RESULTS: We show here that DNA damage activates the noncoding RNA NORAD, which is critical for ESCC radioresistance. NORAD was expressed at high levels in radioresistant ESCC cells. Radiation treatment promotes NORAD expression by enhancing H3K4me2 enrichment in its sequence. NORAD knockdown cells exhibit significant hypersensitivity to radiation in vivo and in vitro. NORAD is required to initiate the repair and restart of stalled forks, G2 cycle arrest and homologous recombination repair upon radiation treatment. Mechanistically, NORAD inhibits miR-199a-5p expression by competitively binding PUM1 from pri-miR-199a1, inhibiting the processing of pri-miR-199a1. Mature miR-199a-5p in NORAD knockdown cells is packaged into exosomes; miR-199a-5p restores the radiosensitivity of radioresistant cells by targeting EEPD1 and then inhibiting the ATR/Chk1 signalling pathway. Simultaneously, NORAD knockdown inhibits the ubiquitination of PD-L1, leading to a better response to radiation and anti-PD-1 treatment in a mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this study, lncRNA-NORAD represents a potential treatment target for improving the efficiency of immunotherapy in combination with radiation in ESCC.

[The mosquito name of Anopheles ramsayi in China should be corrected to Anopheles pseudojamesi Strickland and Chowdhury, 1927 (Diptera : Culicidae)].

The present review deals with the nominate priority of mosquito names between An. ramsayi Covell, 1927 (published in Ind J Med Res, April 1927 number) and An. pseudojamesi Strickland and Chowdhury, 1927 (published in Ind Med Gaz, May 1927 number) and its synonymy reported in India. They adopted the priority by order of monthly number of the periodicals without exact dates. The name ranisayi for the priority used as the valid name long time in literature, and forms a wrong nominate case. The editor of Ind. Med. Gaz.(1936) entered an interesting footnote regarding the exact dates of publication for two names: ramsayi issued in May 15th 1927, while pseudojamesi was May 10th 1927. The fact showed that the name pseudojamesi has its priority. Nurul Huda and Harrison (1985) informed clearly for wrong nominate case, and clarified that the name pseudojamesi has priority over ramsayi. Therefore An. pseudojamesi is elevated to species rank (corrected to valid name), whereas An. ramsayi is regarded as its junior synonym (invalid name). That the rejected name of An. ramsayi now still being used in Chinese lliterature should he corrected to An. pseudojamesi quickly.

[A new species of Culicoides (Beltranmyia) from China (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae)].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the species of blood-sucking midges of Shanghai. METHODS: The specimens were collected by light-trap from Pudong Airport (reed marshes), Shanghai, during the years of 2007-2009. The captured samples was briefly classified, and mounted slide specimens with phenol-balsam method. The microscopic examination including morphological and numerical characters for species identification. RESULTS: A new species of biting midges named Culicoides (Beltranmyia) shanghaiensis sp. nov. was obtained, its diagnostic characters were as follows: 1) wing without distinct pale or dark markings, only 0-7 macrotrichia find in basal cell; 2) the female eyes separate, with pubescence between facets, proboscis head ratio (P/H) 0.7, while the head proboscis ratio (H/P) 1.45, antennal ratio (AR) 1.18, sensila coeloconica present on segments 3-14 (frequency: 1.0, 0.7, 0.5, 0.5, 0.7, 0.5, 0.8, 0.7, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, respectively, n = 17) and absent on segments 4-10 indefinitely, with one developed spermatheca; 3) the male's parameres fused narrowly on base. The new species is allied to Culicoides homochrous Remm, but can be distinguished chiefly by: its wing with numerous macrotrichias distributing in basal cell; female eyes separate, bare, H/P 1.03-1.04; male's parameres separate. Besides, the Culicoides charadraeus Arnaud and Culicoides rarus Das Gupta also resembling with the new species, it can be differentiated from the two former species by the female eyes bare and contiguous (or narrowly separated), AR > 1.61, no macrotrichia in basal cell of the wings, and the different male genitalia features. CONCLUSION: A new species of biting midges collected from Shanghai is described, and some diagnostic characters are discussed for distinguishing the closely allied species.

[On revision of the tribe aedini mosquitoes taxa record in China, with a proposed new classification system (Diptera: Culicidae)].

This paper reports the rectification results of the tribe aedini mosquitoes formerly recorded in China, using the classification system proposed by Reinert during the recent years. Among all the 171 species of Chinese aedini mosquitoes examined, 160 species could be included in the new classification system. The other 11 species were listed in traditional taxonomic status for further study. The proposed new classification system of the Chinese aedini mosquitoes contained 29 genera, i.e. Aedes, Armigeres, Ayurakitia, Bothaella*, Bruceharrisonius*, Christophersiomyia*, Collessius*, Danielsia*, Downsiomyia*, Edwardsaedes*, Finlaya*, Fredwardsius*, Gilesius*, Heizmannia, Himalaius*, Hopkinsius*, Hulecoeteomyia*, Jihlienius*, Kenknightia*, Luius*, Mucidus*, Neomelaniconion*, Ochlerotatus, Phagomyia*, Scutomyia*, Stegomyia*, Tanakaius*, Udaya, and Verrallina. Among them, 22 genera (*) were new records in China. Besides, the authors made a significant revision to the following 4 species recorded formerly in "Fauna Sinica, Insecta Vol. 8, Diptera: Culicidae": Ae. (Edw.) antuensis as the synonym of Ed. pingpaensis, while Ae. (Sin.) occidentayunnanus, Ae. (Och.) flavidorsalis, and Ae. (Fin.) subsimilis should be rectified as Hz. (Mat.) occidentayunnana, Oc. albineus, and Ud. subsimilis, respectively.

[On a new checklist of the anopheline mosquitoes in China with rectification for some specific names].

This paper presents a new revised "Checklist of the Anopheline Mosquitoes in China" based on the development of the mosquito-taxonomic researches during the years of 1988-2007. The new checklist contained 61 species (subspecies) of anopheline mosquitoes all in China. Twelve species among the past records were omitted because of their invalid specific names which were allocated into following categories: (1) A doubtful record in China, with no typical specimen up to date since last century, e.g. Anopheles campestris reported in Yunnan; (2) Misidentification: An. atroparvus and An. indiensis; (3) Confirmed as synonyms by hybridizing experiments or molecular identification, including 9 species as follows: An. changes, An. dazhaius, An. kiangsuensis, An. anthropophagus, An. kunmingensis, An. xiaokuanus, An. junlianensis, An. yutsushiroensis (part) and An. fluviatilis. Meanwhile, the following rectified 4 anopheline mosquito species should be added to the new checklist: An. belenrae, An. lester, An. pulls, and An. baimaii.

[Historical review on the classification and rectification of Anopheles anthropophagus to An. lesteri in China].

This paper deals with the taxonomic status and specific names of Anopheles anthropophagus and An. lesteri, the important malaria transmitting vector in China. Based on a historical review of the literature recorded from the country, substantial evidence from morphological and molecular biological studies gives reason to convince that An. anthropophagus is a synonym of An. lesteri. A resurrection of the specific name of An. lesteri Barisas et Hu, 1936 brooks no delay.

[Historical review on the development of medical parasitology in China during the years of 1871-2006].

The present review deals with the representative research papers on human parasites and parasitic diseases in China over the past hundred years (1871-2006). As the views focused on the development of the medical parasitology, the historical background and progressive characters in the period of fermentation, origination, and expansion have been discussed. The check list of the first cases of human parasitic diseases reported in China during 1871-2006 contained 128 species of parasitic pathogens, and among them 38 species were the newly revisional records. The citation from Faust's paper (1923) proved that previous record of "the first case of Eurytrema pancreaticum from Hongkong" was an absurdly mistake. The human infections of Diphyllobothrium latum, Toxocara canis, and Triodontophorus minor discovered by Lin (1924) from Beijing were the first records in the country. A doubtful malaria case reported from Chongqing by Hung (1944) should be revised as the first case of babesiosis in China. The above-presented examples suggest that the truthful record of parasitic pathogens is an important base for the discovery history of parasitic diseases. With comments on the research progress of human parasitic diseases in different historical stages, it seems that the trends of medical parasitology development in China have been synchronous with the research activities in the area.