Validation of the Occupational Depression Inventory in Brazil: A study of 1612 civil servants.

OBJECTIVE: The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) assesses work-attributed depressive symptoms. The ODI has demonstrated robust psychometric and structural properties. To date, the instrument has been validated in English, French, and Spanish. This study examined the psychometric and structural properties of the ODI's Brazilian-Portuguese version. METHODS: The study involved 1612 civil servants employed in Brazil (MAGE = 44, SDAGE = 9; 60% female). The study was conducted online across all Brazilian states. RESULTS: Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) bifactor analysis indicated that the ODI meets the requirements for essential unidimensionality. The general factor accounted for 91% of the common variance extracted. We found measurement invariance to hold across sexes and age groups. Consistent with these findings, the ODI showed strong scalability (H = 0.67). The instrument's total score accurately ranked respondents on the latent dimension underlying the measure. Furthermore, the ODI exhibited excellent total-score reliability (e.g., McDonald's ω = 0.93). Occupational depression correlated negatively with work engagement and each of its components (vigor, dedication, and absorption), speaking to the ODI's criterion validity. Finally, the ODI helped clarify the issue of burnout-depression overlap. Relying on ESEM confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), we found burnout's components to correlate more strongly with occupational depression than with each other. Using a higher-order ESEM-within-CFA framework, we found a correlation of 0.95 between burnout and occupational depression. CONCLUSION: The ODI displays robust psychometric and structural properties within the Brazilian context. The ODI constitutes a valuable resource for occupational health specialists and may help advance research on job-related distress.

Impact of a Virtual Reality-Based Simulation on Empathy and Attitudes Toward Schizophrenia.

Virtual Reality (VR) has been identified as one of the most promising resources for developing empathy towards stigmatized groups as it allows individuals to experience a situation close to reality from another person's perspective. This quasi-experimental study aimed to examine the impact on empathy, knowledge, and attitudes towards people with schizophrenia of a VR simulation that reproduces the experience of psychotic symptoms while performing a cognitive task compared with watching a 2D video and, thus, how these experiences could reduce stigma towards people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The sample comprised of 102 higher education health students, distributed by the experimental and control groups. The impact of the program was measured by completing multiple questionnaires on levels of empathy, attitudes, and mental health knowledge. Both methods (VR and 2D video) were, to a certain extent, effective. However, VR was more effective at eliciting attitudes and knowledge change compared to the control group. These findings suggest that not only VR but also 2D videos could be interesting strategies to enhance empathy and improve attitudes towards people with schizophrenia in higher education health students.

Workaholism and family interaction among nurses.

This study aims to identify the prevalence of workaholism and work-family interaction, their relationship and their variation according sociodemographic and occupational characteristics among nurses. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and transversal study was conducted with a sample of 839 Portuguese nurses. Regarding workaholism, 27% of workaholic nurses were identified, scoring a higher mean value for excessive work. For work-family interaction, the dimensions showing the highest mean values were the negative work-family interaction and the positive family-work interaction. The variables identified as significant predictors of workaholism were the work-family interaction (39%), occupational variables (10.6%) and sociodemographic variables (1.2%). Among the occupational and professional variables, the women, age equal or less than 37 years and perception of stressful work, were highlighted. The confirmation of workaholism in nurses, as well as its predictive variables are significantly important for professionals and organizations to better understand the impact of this phenomenon, particularly in mental health and to encourage the development of programmes aiming to promote health at the workplace.

Workaholism and family interaction among nurses / Adição ao trabalho e interação familiar em enfermeiros

Abstract This study aims to identify the prevalence of workaholism and work-family interaction, their relationship and their variation according sociodemographic and occupational characteristics among nurses. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and transversal study was conducted with a sample of 839 Portuguese nurses. Regarding workaholism, 27% of workaholic nurses were identified, scoring a higher mean value for excessive work. For work-family interaction, the dimensions showing the highest mean values were the negative work-family interaction and the positive family-work interaction. The variables identified as significant predictors of workaholism were the work-family interaction (39%), occupational variables (10.6%) and sociodemographic variables (1.2%). Among the occupational and professional variables, the women, age equal or less than 37 years and perception of stressful work, were highlighted. The confirmation of workaholism in nurses, as well as its predictive variables are significantly important for professionals and organizations to better understand the impact of this phenomenon, particularly in mental health and to encourage the development of programmes aiming to promote health at the workplace.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência da adição ao trabalho, os níveis de interação trabalho-família e a relação destes com características sociodemográficas e laborais em enfermeiros. Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correcional e transversal numa amostra de 839 enfermeiros de Portugal continental. Relativamente à adição ao trabalho, identificaram-se 27,1% de enfermeiros adictos, com valor médio superior no trabalho excessivo. No que respeita à interação trabalho-família, as dimensões com médias superiores foram a interação negativa trabalho-família e a interação positiva família-trabalho. As variáveis identificadas como preditores significativos da adição ao trabalho foram a interação trabalho-família (39%), as variáveis laborais (10,6%) e as sociodemográficas (1,2%). Das variáveis laborais e profissionais salienta-se o sexo feminino, idade igual ou inferior a 37 anos e a perceção de trabalho stressante. A confirmação deste fenómeno em enfermeiros, assim como, das variáveis que o podem potenciar, possibilita ao profissional e às organizações, uma maior consciencialização dos seus impactos, nomeadamente na saúde mental incentivando o desenvolvimento de programas que visem a promoção de saúde no local de trabalho.

Burnout among nurses: a multicentric comparative study.

OBJETIVO: to identify and compare burnout levels between Portuguese, Spanish and Brazilian nurses. METHOD: quantitative, descriptive, correlational, comparative and cross-sectional study conducted using a sample of 1,052 nurses working in hospitals and primary care centers. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were applied to nurses in Porto, Portugal (n=306), Oviedo, Spain (n=269) and S. Paulo, Brazil (n=477). Data analysis was performed using descriptive, inferential and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: approximately 42% of the nurses showed moderate/high levels of burnout, with no differences found between countries (Portugal and Brazil 42%, Spain 43%). Only depersonalization showed differences between countries, presenting Spain the highest level and Portugal the lowest one. Comparative analysis showed higher burnout levels in young nurses and those working by shifts. Considering job schedules, burnout was associated to shift work in Portugal, while in Spain and Brazil it was associated with fixed schedules. CONCLUSION: these results suggest that this syndrome among nurses is a global phenomenon. The daily stressors and higher demands of the nursing profession are crucial in the preparation of nurses to deal with complex situations, to avoid burnout, and to reduce the negative impact on nurses' health and on the quality of care they provide.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese Dutch Work Addiction Scale.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the psychometric properties of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale in a sample of Portuguese nurses. METHOD: A methodological study was conducted with 1,030 Portuguese nurses. A sociodemographic/professional questionnaire and the Dutch Work Addiction Scale applied between October and December 2019. RESULTS: The Confirmatory Factorial Analyses confirmed the factorial structure of two dimensions, namely Working Excessively (α = .730) and Working Compulsively (α = .752), grounded on the theoretical model of workaholism; the reliability values were considered adequate. Nurses presented a moderate level of workaholism, with a higher mean value for Working Excessively. CONCLUSION: The results raised the issue of workaholism and highlighted the need for further study. The Portuguese version of the DUWAS presented good psychometric characteristics and can be considered a valid and useful instrument to identify this problem.

Why are emergency medical technicians' coping strategies dysfunctional? Direct and indirect effects of resilience and perceived stress.

BACKGROUND: Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) are at high risk for traumatic disorders, and these disorders are more likely if they resort to dysfunctional coping. However, few studies have examined how dysfunctional coping can be decreased, specifically by comparing the impact of personal characteristics, such as resilience, and of occupational factors, such as stress. This study examines the contribution of resilience and perceived stress on EMTs' dysfunctional coping. METHODS: A total of 502 EMTs (66% men), with a job experience of approximately 8 years (SD = 3.84), answered the Resilience Scale (Self and Life Acceptance; Personal Competence; Total score), Brief Cope, and Anxiety Depression Stress Scales. RESULTS: EMTs reported high resilience, low stress and dysfunctional coping. Resilience dimensions, specifically self and life acceptance, and stress contributed to dysfunctional coping. Stress displayed the highest regression coefficient. The effect of self and life acceptance on dysfunctional coping was no longer significant when accounting for stress, revealing a full mediation effect. CONCLUSIONS: How EMTs perceive stress can mitigate the protective role of acceptance on the use of dysfunctional coping. These findings suggest EMTs' occupational training may benefit from focusing on how to manage stressful and critical incidents, as well as on how to cope with stress.

Study for the Design of a Protocol to Assess the Impact of Stress in the Quality of Life of Workers.

(1) Background: Work stress is one of the most relevant issues in public health. It has a significant impact on health, especially the development of mental disorders, causing occupational imbalance. There is a growing interest in the development of tools with a positive effect on workers. To this end, wearable technology is becoming increasingly popular, as it measures biometric variables like heartbeat, activity, and sleep. This information may be used to assess the stress a person is suffering, which could allow the development of stress coping strategies, both at a professional and personal level. (2) Methods: This paper describes an observational, analytical, and longitudinal study which will be set at a research center in A Coruña, Spain. Various scales and questionnaires will be filled in by the participants throughout the study. For the statistical analysis, specific methods will be used to evaluate the association between numerical and categorical variables. (3) Discussion: This study will lay the foundation for a bigger, more complete study to assess occupational stress in different work environments. This will allow us to begin to understand how occupational stress influences daily life activity and occupational balance, which could directly enhance the quality of life of workers if the necessary measures are taken.

Workaholism, engagement and family interaction: Comparative study in portuguese and spanish nurses.

AIM: To identify and compare workaholism, engagement and family interaction levels among Portuguese and Spanish nurses. BACKGROUND: The contribution of nursing management and leadership to workers' health and well-being is cardinal to ensure a healthy work environment. However, factors such as workaholism, engagement and family interaction can strongly influence nurses' performance, well-being and safety. METHOD: A multicentre, comparative and cross-sectional study using 333 Portuguese (54.1%) and Spanish (45.9%) nurses working in hospitals. RESULTS: Portuguese nurses showed higher levels for workaholism, negative work-family interaction and negative family-work interaction, while Spanish nurses presented higher levels of engagement, positive work-family interaction and positive family-work interaction. Gender, age, job experience time, academic training, working schedule and type of employment contract influenced workaholism, engagement and work-family interaction among nurses from both countries. CONCLUSION: During their professional practice, nurses perceived their stress differently according to each country, with Portuguese nurses presenting worst psychological conditions than Spanish nurses, namely higher workaholism, negative work-family interactions and lower engagement. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Workaholism, engagement and work-family interaction are important areas in which nursing managers must invest to better respond to the new challenges of work contexts.

Percepções e vivências de enfermeiros sobre o seu desempenho na pandemia da COVID-19 / Perceptions and experiences of nurses about their performance in the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo descrever a percepção e vivências dos enfermeiros sobre o seu desempenho durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos estudo qualitativo com abordagem fenomenológica. Participaram do estudo 15 enfermeiros, selecionados de acordo com uma amostra intencional do tipo bola de neve. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e a informação transcrita foi submetida à análise de conteúdo temático-categorial. Resultados da análise do discurso dos participantes, emergiram as seguintes categorias e subcategorias: experiências vivenciadas (estados negativos; organização do trabalho; coesão da equipe; desafios e normas e orientações); estratégias adotadas (individuais; suporte da equipe; familiar e informativo) e expectativas futuras (regresso à normalidade; adaptação; crescimento pessoal e profissional; incerteza e valorização da enfermagem). Conclusão das percepções e vivências dos enfermeiros do seu desempenho na pandemia COVID-19 salientam-se os estados emocionais negativos, estratégias adotadas de caráter individual e expectativas futuras de regresso à normalidade.

ABSTRACT Objective to describe the perception and experiences of nurses about their performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods qualitative study with phenomenological approach. Fifteen nurses participated in the study, selected according to an intentional snowball type sample. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and the transcribed information was submitted to thematic-category content analysis. Results from the analysis of the participants' discourse, the following categories and subcategories emerged: lived experiences (negative states; work organization; team cohesion; challenges and norms and guidelines); adopted strategies (individual; team support; familiar and informative) and future expectations (return to normality; adaptation; personal and professional growth; nursing uncertainty and valorization). Conclusion from the perceptions and experiences of the nurses of their performance in the COVID-19 pandemic, the negative emotional states, strategies adopted of individual character and future expectations of return to normality are highlighted.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese Dutch Work Addiction Scale / Propriedades psicométricas da Dutch Work Addiction Scale portuguesa / Propiedades psicométricas de la Dutch Work Addiction Scale portuguesa

ABSTRACT Objective To analyse the psychometric properties of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale in a sample of Portuguese nurses. Method A methodological study was conducted with 1,030 Portuguese nurses. A sociodemographic/professional questionnaire and the Dutch Work Addiction Scale applied between October and December 2019. Results The Confirmatory Factorial Analyses confirmed the factorial structure of two dimensions, namely Working Excessively (α = .730) and Working Compulsively (α = .752), grounded on the theoretical model of workaholism; the reliability values were considered adequate. Nurses presented a moderate level of workaholism, with a higher mean value for Working Excessively. Conclusion The results raised the issue of workaholism and highlighted the need for further study. The Portuguese version of the DUWAS presented good psychometric characteristics and can be considered a valid and useful instrument to identify this problem.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Dutch Work Addiction Scale (Duwas) numa amostra de enfermeiros portugueses. Método Foi realizado um estudo metodológico com 1.030 enfermeiros portugueses. Um questionário sociodemográfico/profissional e a Duwas foram aplicados entre outubro e dezembro de 2019. Resultados A Análise Fatorial Confirmatória confirmou a estrutura fatorial de duas dimensões, a saber Trabalhar Excessivamente (α = 0,730) e Trabalhar Compulsivamente (α = 0,752), embasado no modelo teórico de workaholism; os valores de confiabilidade foram considerados adequados. Os enfermeiros apresentaram nível moderado de workaholism, com maior valor médio para Trabalhar Excessivamente. Conclusão Os resultados levantaram a questão da adição ao trabalho e destacaram a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados. A versão em português do Duwas apresentou boas características psicométricas e pode ser considerada um instrumento válido e útil para identificar esse problema.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Dutch Work Addiction Scale (Duwas) en una muestra de enfermeros portugueses. Método Se realizó un estudio metodológico con 1.030 enfermeras portuguesas. Un cuestionario sociodemográfico/profesional y la Duwas fueron aplicados entre octubre y diciembre de 2019. Resultados Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios confirmaron la estructura factorial de dos dimensiones, a saber, Trabajar en exceso (α = .730) y Trabajar de forma compulsiva (α = .752), basado en el modelo teórico de la adicción al trabajo; los valores de fiabilidad se consideraron adecuados. Los enfermeros presentaron un nivel moderado de adicción al trabajo, con un valor medio más alto para Trabajar en exceso. Conclusión Los resultados plantearon el problema de la adicción al trabajo y destacaron la necesidad de realizar más estudios. La versión portuguesa del Duwas presentó buenas características psicométricas y puede considerarse un instrumento válido y útil para identificar este problema.

Burnout among nurses: a multicentric comparative study / Burnout entre enfermeiros: um estudo multicêntrico comparativo / Burnout entre enfermeros: un estudio multicéntrico comparativo

Objetivo: to identify and compare burnout levels between Portuguese, Spanish and Brazilian nurses. Method: quantitative, descriptive, correlational, comparative and cross-sectional study conducted using a sample of 1,052 nurses working in hospitals and primary care centers. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were applied to nurses in Porto, Portugal (n=306), Oviedo, Spain (n=269) and S. Paulo, Brazil (n=477). Data analysis was performed using descriptive, inferential and multivariate analysis. Results: approximately 42% of the nurses showed moderate/high levels of burnout, with no differences found between countries (Portugal and Brazil 42%, Spain 43%). Only depersonalization showed differences between countries, presenting Spain the highest level and Portugal the lowest one. Comparative analysis showed higher burnout levels in young nurses and those working by shifts. Considering job schedules, burnout was associated to shift work in Portugal, while in Spain and Brazil it was associated with fixed schedules. Conclusion: these results suggest that this syndrome among nurses is a global phenomenon. The daily stressors and higher demands of the nursing profession are crucial in the preparation of nurses to deal with complex situations, to avoid burnout, and to reduce the negative impact on nurses' health and on the quality of care they provide.

Objetivo: identificar e comparar os níveis de burnout entre enfermeiros portugueses, espanhóis e brasileiros. Método: estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correlacional, comparativo e transversal, realizado com 1.052 enfermeiros em hospitais e unidades básicas de saúde. Um questionário sociodemográfico e o Maslach Burnout Inventory foram aplicados com enfermeiros de Porto-Portugal (n=306), Oviedo-Espanha (n=269) e São Paulo-Brasil (n=477). Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, inferencial e multivariada. Resultados: aproximadamente 42% dos enfermeiros apresentaram níveis moderados/altos de burnout, não sendo encontradas diferenças entre os países (Portugal e Brasil com 42%, Espanha com 43%). Apenas a dimensão despersonalização apresentou diferenças entre os países, com um nível mais elevado na Espanha e mais baixo em Portugal. A análise comparativa mostrou níveis mais elevados de burnout em enfermeiros jovens e naqueles que trabalhavam em turnos. Em relação às escalas de trabalho, burnout foi associada ao trabalho por turnos em Portugal e aos horários fixos na Espanha e no Brasil. Conclusão: esses resultados sugerem que essa síndrome em enfermeiros é um fenômeno global. Estressores diários e maiores demandas da profissão de enfermagem são elementos cruciais para preparar os enfermeiros para lidar com situações complexas, evitar burnout e reduzir o impacto negativo na sua saúde e na qualidade dos cuidados que prestam.

Objetivo: identificar y comparar los niveles de burnout entre enfermeros portugueses, españoles y brasileños. Método: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional, comparativo y transversal, realizado con 1.052 enfermeros de hospitales y unidades básicas de salud. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el Maslach Burnout Inventory a enfermeras de Porto, Portugal (n=306), Oviedo, España (n=269) y São Paulo, Brasil (n=477). Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva, inferencial y multivariada. Resultados: aproximadamente el 42% de los enfermeros presentaban niveles moderados/altos de burnout y no se encontraron diferencias entre países (Portugal y Brasil 42%, España 43%). Solo la dimensión de despersonalización mostró diferencias entre países, con un nivel mayor en España y menor en Portugal. El análisis comparativo mostró mayores niveles de burnout en enfermeros jóvenes y en los que trabajaban por turnos. En cuanto a los horarios de trabajo, el burnout se asoció con el trabajo por turnos en Portugal y con horario fijo en España y Brasil. Conclusión: estos resultados sugieren que el síndrome de burnout en enfermeros es un fenómeno global. Los estresores cotidianos y las mayores exigencias de la profesión de Enfermería son elementos cruciales para preparar a los enfermeros para enfrentar situaciones complejas, evitar el burnout y reducir el impacto negativo en la salud de los enfermeros y la calidad de la atención que brindan.

Satisfação por compaixão, burnout e estresse traumático secundário em enfermeiros da área hospitalar / Compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress among hospital nurses / Satisfacción por compasión, burnout y stress traumático secundario en enfermeros del área hospitalaria

CONTEXTO: Os enfermeiros estão expostos a fatores que podem afetar a sua saúde mental, pois lidam com a dor física e emocional, com situações graves e complexas e, muitas vezes, com situações precárias no trabalho. São, portanto, suscetíveis a Satisfação por Compaixão (SC), Burnout (BO) e Estresse Traumático Secundário (ETS), os quais influenciam a sua saúde individual e podem afetar negativamente a assistência prestada. Assim, estudar esta temática torna-se relevante no contexto hospitalar. OBJETIVO: Identificar o nível de SC, BO e ETS em enfermeiros portugueses do âmbito hospitalar e analisar a sua variação em função das características sociodemográficas e profissionais. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa quantitativa com 201 enfermeiros que exerciam em contexto hospitalar, selecionados através da amostragem por redes, sendo 82% mulheres, 55% com idade ≤ 36 anos, e 53% com experiência profissional ≤13 anos. Aplicou-se a Professional Quality Scale 5 e um questionário sociodemográfico, tendo sido seguidos os requisitos éticos para pesquisas com seres humanos. RESULTADOS: Os níveis foram maioritariamente médios para SC (46,8%), BO (51,2%) e ETS (56,2%). Encontrou-se associação negativa entre a SC e BO e positiva entre o BO e o ETS. Apenas foi encontrado resultado significativo do ETS em função da carga horária semanal, com os enfermeiros que trabalhavam menos horas a apresentarem média superior. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados elucidam a necessidade de estratégias que fomentem ambientes de trabalho promotores de saúde mental nos enfermeiros, especialmente relacionadas com a gestão do estresse, visando a diminuição do BO e ETS e a elevação da SC.

BACKGROUND: The nurses are exposed to factors that can affect their mental health because they deal with the physical and emotional pain, with serious and complex situations and often with tense situations at work. Thus, nurses are susceptible to Compassion Satisfaction (CS), Burnout (BO) and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), which influence their particular health and can negatively affect the care performed. Therefore, investigating this issue becomes relevant in the hospitals. AIM: Identify the level of CS, BO and STS in the hospital nurses and analyse their variation as a function of socio-demographic and professional characteristics. METHODS: Quantitative research with 201 hospital nurses, selected by sampling for networks, being 82% women, 55% aged ≤ 36 years, and 53% ≤ 13 years professional experience. The Professional Quality Scale 5 and a demographic questionnaire were used. The ethical requirements for research with human beings were followed. RESULTS: The mean level was the most frequent for all nurses (CS: 46.8%; BO: 51.2%; STS: 56.2%). Significant negative association was found between CS and BO, and significant positive association was observed between BO and STS. There was significant result only for STS as function of the weekly workload, of which nurses who worked fewer hours’ exhibit higher level. CONCLUSIONS: In sum, results reveal the need of strategies that allow work environments with better mental health for nurses, mainly regarded to stress management, aiming reduction of BO and STS, and increase of CS.

CONTEXTO: Los enfermeros están expuestos a factores que pueden afectar su salud mental, porque tratan con el dolor físico y emocional, con situaciones graves y complejas y, muchas veces, con situaciones precarias en el trabajo. Por lo tanto, son susceptibles a la satisfacción por compasión (SC), Burnout (BO) y estrés traumático secundario (ETS), que influencia su salud individual y pueden afectar negativamente la asistencia prestada. Así, estudiar esta temática se vuelve relevante en el contexto hospitalario. OBJETIVO: Identificar el nivel de SC, BO y ETS en los enfermeros portugueses desde el ámbito hospitalario y analizar su variación de acuerdo con las características sociodemográficas y profesionales. METODOLOGÍA: Investigación cuantitativa con 201 enfermeros que ejercieron en el contexto hospitalario, seleccionado a través de muestreo por redes, siendo 82% mujeres, 55% con edad ≤ 36 años, y 53% con experiencia profesional ≤ 13 años. Se aplicó la Professional Quality Scale 5 y un cuestionario sociodemográfico, y se siguieron los requisitos éticos para la investigación con los seres humanos. RESULTADOS: Los niveles fueron mayoritariamente medios para SC (46,8%), BO (51,2%) y ETS (56,2%). Se encontró una asociación negativa entre SC y BO y positiva entre BO y ETS. Sólo se encontró un resultado significativo del ETS en función de la carga horaria semanal, con los enfermeros que trabajaban menos horas a presentar media superior. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados elucidan la necesidad de estrategias que fomenten ambientes de trabajo promotores de la salud mental en los enfermeros, especialmente relacionadas con la gestión del estrés, visando la disminución del BO y el ETS y la elevación de la SC.

Recognizing Emotions through Facial Expressions: A Largescale Experimental Study.

Experimental research examining emotional processes is typically based on the observation of images with affective content, including facial expressions. Future studies will benefit from databases with emotion-inducing stimuli in which characteristics of the stimuli potentially influencing results can be controlled. This study presents Portuguese normative data for the identification of seven facial expressions of emotions (plus a neutral face), on the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD). The effect of participants' gender and models' sex on emotion recognition was also examined. Participants (N = 1249) were exposed to 312 pictures of white adults displaying emotional and neutral faces with a frontal gaze. Recognition agreement between the displayed and participants' chosen expressions ranged from 69% (for anger) to 97% (for happiness). Recognition levels were significantly higher among women than among men only for anger and contempt. The emotion recognition was higher either in female models or in male models depending on the emotion. Overall, the results show high recognition levels of the facial expressions presented, indicating that the RaFD provides adequate stimuli for studies examining the recognition of facial expressions of emotion among college students. Participants' gender had a limited influence on emotion recognition, but the sex of the model requires additional consideration.

Engagement e satisfação dos enfermeiros do pré-hospitalar / Nurses' engagement and job satisfaction at prehospital emergency care / Compromiso laboral y satisfacción laboral en enfermeros de emergencia pre-hospitalaria

CONTEXTO:O engagement e a satisfação no trabalho são fatores fundamentais na manutenção e aumento dos níveis de motivação dos trabalhadores, do seu bem-estar físico e psicológico e da qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO(S):Identificar os níveis de engagemente de satisfação no trabalho dos enfermeiros que trabalham nas ambulâncias Suporte Imediato de Vida (SIV) e a sua variação em função de variáveis sociodemográficas e laborais. MÉTODOS:Estudo quantitativo, descritivo-correlacional e transversal. Aplicou-se um questionário online a uma amostra de conveniência de 57 enfermeiros, com questões de caracterização sociodemográfica/laboral, de engagement (UWES, Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003) e da satisfação no trabalho (S20/23, Mélia & Peiró, 1989; Pocinho e Garcia, 2008). RESULTADOS: Encontraram-se valores médios de engagement de 4,8 (DP=1,0) e de satisfação no trabalho de 4,5 (DP=1,0). Os enfermeiros do sexo feminino e que não percecionam o seu trabalho como stressante apresentam mais engagement total e absorção; os que exercem funções nas SIV há menos de 1 ano apresentam maior dedicação. Menor perceção de stresse corresponde a mais satisfação total, satisfação com os benefícios e políticas da organização e satisfação com a participação. Engagement e a satisfação no trabalho correlacionam-se positivamente. CONCLUSÕES:Apesar de os enfermeiros apresentarem níveis elevados de engagement e moderados de satisfação no trabalho, é importante não deixar diminuir estes valores, sugerindo analisar os fatores que promovem a satisfação no trabalho de forma a ter enfermeiros motivados e comprometidos com as suas tarefas laborais.

BACKGROUND: Engagement and job satisfaction are key factors in maintaining and increasing levels of motivation of employees, their physical and psychological well-being and their quality of life. Aim: To identify the levels of engagement and job satisfaction of nurses working in the ambulances Life Immediate Support (SIV) and their variation according socio-demographic and labour variables. METHODS: The study is quantitative, descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional. We applied a questionnaire online to a convenience sample of 57 nurses, using questions about demographic/labour characterization, engagement (UWES, Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003), and job satisfaction (S20/23, Mélia & Peiró, 1989; Pocinho e Garcia, 2008). RESULTS: We found mean values of engagement of 4.8 (SD=1.0) and job satisfaction of 4.5 (DP = 1.0). The female nurses and those who not perceived their work as stressful, presented more overall engagement, absorption and vigour; those who work in SIV less than 1 year presented greater dedication. Minor stress perception corresponds to more total satisfaction, satisfaction with benefits and policies of the organization, and satisfaction with participation. Engagement and job satisfaction correlate positively. CONCLUSIONS:Although nurses presented high levels of engagement and moderate levels of job satisfaction, it is important to not let these values decrease, suggesting to analyze the factors that promote job satisfaction, trying to have nurses motivated and committed to their tasks.

CONTEXTO: La motivación laboral y la satisfacción en el trabajo son factores clave para mantener y incrementar los niveles de motivación de empleados, su bienestar físico y psicológico y su calidad de vida. OBJETIVO(s): Identificar los niveles de motivación laboral y satisfacción laboral de enfermeros que trabajan en las ambulancias Soporte de Vida Inmediato (SIV) y su variación en función de las variables socio-demográficas y laborales. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo-correlacional y transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario online línea para una muestra de conveniencia de 57 enfermeros, con cuestiones sobre caracterización demográfica/laboral, motivación laboral (UWES, Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003), y satisfacción laboral (S20/23, Mélia & Peiró, 1989; Pocinho e Garcia, 2008. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron valores promedios de motivación de 4.8 (DP=1.0) y satisfacción laboral de 4.5 (DP=1.0). Los enfermeros mujeres y los que no evalúan su trabajo como estresante, presentan mayor motivación total, absorción y vigor; aquellos que ejercen funciones en SIV a menos de 1 año presentan una mayor dedicación. Una menor percepción de estrés corresponde à más satisfacción, total, satisfacción con los beneficios y políticas de la organización, y satisfacción con la participación. Motivación laboral y satisfacción con el trabajo se correlacionan positivamente. CONCLUSIONES:Aunque las enfermeras presentan altos niveles de compromiso y moderados niveles de satisfacción en el trabajo, es importante no dejar que estos valores se disminuyan, lo que sugiere analizar los factores que promueven la satisfacción en el trabajo, intentando tener enfermeros motivados y comprometidos con sus tareas.

Job Stress, Burnout and Coping in Police Officers: Relationships and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire.

Policing is a stressful occupation, which impairs police officers' physical/mental health and elicits burnout, aggressive behaviors and suicide. Resilience and coping facilitate the management of job stress policing, which can be operational or organizational. All these constructs are associated, and they must be assessed by instruments sensitive to policing idiosyncrasies. This study aims to identify operational and organizational stress, burnout, resilient coping and coping strategies among police officers, as well to analyze the psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire. A cross-sectional study, with online questionnaires, collected data of 1131 police officers. With principal components and confirmatory factor analysis, PSQ-org revealed adequate psychometric properties, despite the exclusion of four items, and revealed a structure with two factors (poor management and lack of resources, and responsibilities and burden). Considering cut-off points, 88.4% police officers presented high operational stress, 87.2% high organizational stress, 10.9% critical values for burnout and 53.8% low resilient coping, preferring task-orientated than emotion and avoidance coping. Some differences were found according to gender, age and job experience. Job stress and burnout correlated negatively with resilient coping, enthusiasm towards job and task-orientated coping. Results reinforce the importance to invest on police officers' occupational health.

Presenteeism in nurses: comparative study of Spanish, Portuguese and Brazilian nurses.

AIM: To compare presenteeism levels among three samples of nurses and to identify the relationship between presenteeism and sociodemographic and professional characteristics. BACKGROUND: Presenteeism (going to work ill) is a phenomenon studied from different perspectives, and it has become especially important during the current COVID-19 outbreak; its connection to high healthcare costs, patient safety breaches and negative nurse well-being has been proved. INTRODUCTION: The nursing profession is particularly associated with caring for the culture of teamwork, loyalty to colleagues and professional identity. This condition enhances the 'super nurse phenomenon', even though nurses do not feel physically and psychologically able to work. METHODS: A multicentre, cross-sectional study was conducted in three different country contexts: Oviedo (Spain), Porto (Portugal) and São Paulo (Brazil). Nurses performing functions in hospitals and primary health care were enrolled. Informed consent and data collection questionnaires were hand delivered. The Stanford Presenteeism Scale-6 was applied. RESULTS: A total of 659 nurses participated. Portuguese nurses showed greater prevalence of presenteeism, followed by Brazilian and Spanish nurses. Younger nurses with less professional experience presented lower levels of presenteeism but greater psychological commitment. Male participants showed lower capacity to complete work when ill than female participants. CONCLUSIONS: Age and length of professional experience proved to be significant predictors of total presenteeism, although only professional experience revealed statistical significance in the adjusted model. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: The knowledge of this phenomenon among nurses highlights the need for the development of strategies in the curriculum of nursing students and organizations. Resilience and ergonomic training should be applied in the training programmes of the students and reinforced by the health centre managers. It is essential that healthcare systems design worksite wellness programmes that pursue greater physical and mental well-being for healthcare professionals.

Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire.

Research has demonstrated that policing is a stressful occupation and that this stress has a negative impact on police officers' mental and physical health, performance, and interactions with citizens. Mental health at the workplace has become a concern due to the costs of depression, anxiety, burnout, and even suicide, which is high among police officers. To ameliorate occupational health, it is therefore crucial to identify stress and burnout levels on a regular basis. However, the instruments frequently used to measure stress have not valorized the specificity of policing tasks. This study aims to: (i) conduct a literature review to identify questionnaires used to assess occupational stress and burnout among police officers; (ii) analyze the psychometric characteristics of a Portuguese version of Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Op); and, using the PSQ-Op and other questionnaires, (iii) to identify operational stress, burnout, and distress levels among Portuguese police officers. The literature review identified 108 studies which use a multiplicity of questionnaires to measure burnout or occupational stress among police officers, but few studies use specific police stress questionnaires. Sample sizes were mostly below 500 participants and studies were mainly developed in the last decade in the USA and Brazil, but also in another 24 countries, showing the extent of the interest in this topic. This study applied to 2057 police officers from the National Portuguese Police, a force policing urban centers, and used the PSQ-Op, as well the Spanish Burnout Inventory and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. The results show that the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of PSQ-Op are adequate. Factorial analysis revealed two dimensions defined as social and work issues, which were associated with measures of distress and burnout. Fit indices suggested a second-order solution called operational police stress. Overall, and considering the scale range of each questionnaire, the results showed moderate values of operational stress, distress, and burnout. However, considering their cut-off points, 85% of the sample presented high operational stress levels, 11% critical values for burnout, and 28% high distress levels, with 55% of the sample at risk of a psychological disorder. These results reinforce the need to prevent stress and to invest in police officers' occupational health.

Eficácia dos programas de promoção de saúde nos locais de trabalho: revisão integrativa / Effectiveness of workplace health promotion programs: integrative review

Introduction and Objective: The current perspective of healthy workplaces implies reinventing new approaches to the relationships between health and work, emphasizing it as a health-promoting agent. Thus, welfare programmes have emerged that include best practices in occupational health. The aim of this study is to present the data gathered on the effectiveness of health promotion programmes in the workplace, through an integrative review. Methodology: Integrative review of the literature according to the Whittemore and Knafl methods, based on English and Portuguese literature published between 2010 and 2019 in the Medline (via PubMed) and EBSCO databases. Grey literature collection was based on searches in the Open Access Scientific Repositories of Portugal and Google Scholar. Studies with experimental, quasi-experimental and descriptive design were included. Results: A total of 57 studies were extracted, in which 98% of the programmes were included in the generation of well-being, namely programmes focused on disease management, treatment of chronic diseases, lifestyle management or prevention of chronic diseases. Most of the programmes showed positive results, since participants decreased body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol level, glycaemia, tobacco consumption, sedentarism and stress level, and increased the level of knowledge, confidence, physical activity, overall health and consumption of healthy food. Conclusion: The results of this study are of potential interest for health professionals and policy-makers, as they provide valuable information for the design of new strategies to promote the health of employees

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Personalidade, ansiedade e vulnerabilidade ao burnout em enfermeiros: um estudo comparativo portugal/espanha / Personality, anxiety and vulnerability to burnout among nurses: a comparative study Portugal/Spain

Introduction: Nowadays nurses execute their tasks in demanding and stressful contexts, where the stress accumulates and can trigger burnout. This one seems to be the result from the combination of organizational factors with individual vulnerability, in particular predisposition for anxiety and personality traits such as neuroticism. Objectives: This study aims, by comparing nurses from Portugal/Spain, to identify burnout levels and to analyse if personality and anxiety predict burnout. Methodology: This is a quantitative, exploratory, descriptive and transversal study, using a demographic/professional characterization questionnaire, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Maslach Burnout Inventory. After institutional authorizations, participated anonymously and volunteer, 337 Portuguese nurses and 309 Spanish nurses. Results: We found 55% of nurses without burnout, 35% with moderate burnout and 11% with high burnout, without differences between countries. However, the Portuguese nurses present significantly more exhaustion and less depersonalization, less anxiety trait, and more extroversion and Social Desirability, all with a moderate level. In Portugal, the age and professional experience correlate negatively with burnout, and anxiety predicts 32% of burnout. In Spain, anxiety explains 36% of burnout and personality traits only 2%. Discussion: These findings are consistent with studies in which anxiety is a vulnerability factor for burnout, but contradicted the influence of other personality traits, reinforcing the influence of organizational factors. Conclusion: The results are useful, in the field of occupational health, to develop organizational strategies that enhance individual characteristics of stress management, which, lately, have been applied using Mindfulness among nurses and nursing students

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