An Atlas of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Elucidating In Vivo Differences of Scar Types Using OCT in Order to Guide Laser Treatment Parameters.

Objective: When using laser therapy to effectively treat scars, the choice of treatment parameters depends on the knowledge accuracy of the underlying scar pathology, which is often difficult to judge by gross physical exam. As such, more quantitative measures are needed. In recent years, optical coherencetomography (OCT) has shown promise as a real-time imaging technolgoy of skin microstructure. A key step in developing a methodology for utilizing OCT to develop a comprehensive 'atlas' of OCT characteristics of a wide variety of scar types. This atlas may then be used as a tool for selecting the optimal treatment modality and parameters for each scar type. Methods: One hundred and fifty scars of a wide range of anatomical locations were imaged using OCT, capturing both vascular and structural data. A variety of scar etiologies (e.g. burn, surgical, traumatic) and types (e.g. hypertrophic, keloidal, atrophic) were included. Comparator scans were also taken from normal, unscarred skin. Results: OCT revealed morphological differences in the epidermis and dermis between scars and normal tissue, and between scar subtypes. Features affected by scar pathology included epidermal thickness, skin surface texture, dermal epidermal junction rugosity, blood vessel density, vessel shape and diameter, vessel direction and vascular network, dermis scattering intensity and non-uniformity. Each scar subtype showed consistent characteristics distinct from other scar subtypes. Limitations: This was a single-site study of a patient population in South Florida. Conclusion: OCT is a powerful new objective tool for the clinician to utilize in the pursuit of effective laser treatment parameters by enabling personalized treatment based on individual scar characteristics in order to maximize treatment capabilities.

An update on cosmetic procedures in people of color. Part 2: Neuromodulators, soft tissue augmentation, chemexfoliating agents, and laser hair reduction.

Recent years have brought forth the undeniable practice gap in dermatology concerning knowledge and experience of cosmetic procedures in people of color (POC). A paucity in the literature regarding evidence-based recommendations for the management of POC undergoing cosmetic procedures and the rise of cosmetic procedures in dermatology serves as a call to action to provide education regarding differences in skin of color that may impact the cosmetic outcomes. To mitigate the current practice gap on the safety, use, and benefits of cosmetic procedures in POC, part 2 will discuss the authors' recommendations and clinical pearls, as well as evidence-based management for neuromodulators, soft tissue augmentation, chemexfoliating agents, and laser hair reduction in POC undergoing cosmetic procedures.

An update on cosmetic procedures in people of color. Part 1: Scientific background, assessment, preprocedure preparation.

Increased life expectancy, focus on appearance, and readily available and accessible cosmetic procedures have served to drive an increase in the number of nonsurgical cosmetic procedures performed in the last 20 years. Demographic shifts in the United States, with increases in diverse populations that seek nonsurgical cosmetic procedures, have resulted in the need for a better understanding of cultural preferences as well as structural and biological differences in the skin of people of color (POC). Although many advances in the form of cosmeceuticals, cosmetics, and photoprotection have been made to address the aesthetic needs of and minimize complications in POC, nonsurgical cosmetic procedures are required to address common aesthetic concerns. Gaps remain in the education of dermatologists regarding the appropriate selection and execution of nonsurgical cosmetic procedures in POC. This educational initiative will facilitate a favorable outcome and optimal cosmetic results for POC.

The impact of international medical graduates in dermatology.

Underrepresented in medicine (URiM) are individuals from racial and ethnic populations that are underrepresented in the medical field relative to their numbers in the general population. International medical graduates (IMGs) compose a significant percentage of URiM individuals, with a meaningful role in the current US health care workforce. Currently, there is limited data on IMGs in dermatology. In this paper, we wish to showcase reliable data about the IMG pool and highlight their value in diversifying dermatology in order to better serve our patients and provide culturally competent care.

Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: Review.

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a recurrent inflammatory skin condition characterized by abscesses and boils, predominantly in the groin, armpit, and buttocks areas. HS is not a life-threatening condition, but severely impairs quality of life in those affected. Finding a successful treatment approach for HS has been challenging, in part because of the lack of a gold-standard treatment method, limited research-based information, and the nature of clinical variation in the disease. Treatment commonly consists of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory therapy, hormonal therapy, and more invasive clinical procedures. Treatment is chosen by the degree of severity by which the condition presents and is modified accordingly. This review describes the roles of hormones in the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa and describes the use of hormonal therapy such as, finasteride, dutasteride, spironolactone, and oral contraceptives. The outcomes of the use of these modalities in various clinical studies are summarized.