ABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The prevention of vertical transmission (VT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a priority as it generally is an avoidable disease. AIM: To describe Uruguay's experience of VT during 23 years and the preventive measures adopted. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children of HIV positive mothers born between January 1987 and December 2009 were followed. The mother, pregnancy and children dependent variables were analysed. Infants were classified as infected, not infected, exposed but still in evaluation, or withdrawn of the protocol. The different measures implemented were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 1353 children of HIV positive mothers; 204 (15.1%) infants were infected. The percentage of VT diminished throughout the years; between 2003 and 2009 it decreased to 6%. Protective factors against HIV VT were antiretroviral therapy (ARV) during pregnancy, elective caesarean section and not to nurse the newborn infant. Women who did not receive AlRV had a percentage of VT of 50.3 %. CONCLUSION: The VT has diminished in Uruguay. Special efforts must be done to screen all pregnant women, to improve diagnosis during pregnancy and to implement suitable ARV as occurs in developed countries.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/transmission , HIV-1 , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , Breast Feeding , Cesarean Section , Contraindications , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The prevention of vertical transmission (VT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a priority as it generally is an avoidable disease. Aim: To describe Uruguay's experience of VT during 23 years and the preventive measures adopted. Patients and Methods: Children of HIV positive mothers born between January 1987 and December 2009 were followed. The mother, pregnancy and children dependent variables were analysed. Infants were classified as infected, not infected, exposed but still in evaluation, or withdrawn of the protocol. The different measures implemented were analyzed. Results: There were 1353 children of HIV positive mothers; 204 (15.1%) infants were infected. The percentage of VT diminished throughout the years; between 2003 and 2009 it decreased to 6%. Protective factors against HIV VT were antiretroviral therapy (ARV) during pregnancy, elective caesarean section and not to nurse the newborn infant. Women who did not receive AlRV had a percentage of VT of 50.3 %. Conclusion: The VT has diminished in Uruguay. Special efforts must be done to screen all pregnant women, to improve diagnosis during pregnancy and to implement suitable ARV as occurs in developed countries.
Introducción: La prevención de la transmisión materno infantil (TMI) del VIH es una prioridad debido a que está demostrado que es una infección prácticamente evitable. Objetivo: Presentar cifras de TMI durante 23 años junto a las distintas medidas adoptadas. Pacientes y Métodos: Hijos de madre con infección por VIH nacidos entre el 1/I/1987 y el 31/XII/2009. Se estudiaron variables con respecto a la madre, el embarazo y el niño. Se clasificaron a los niños en infectados, no infectados y expuestos sin clasificar por estudio pendiente o abandono del protocolo. Se analizaron las acciones implementadas. Resultados: Hubo 1.353 hijos de madre infectadas por VIH; se excluyó 1. Resultaron 204 infectados (15,1%). El porcentaje de TMI disminuyó a lo largo de los años; entre 2003 y 2009 y en el último período llegó a 6%. Fueron factores protectores para disminuir la TMI el haber recibido terapia antiretroviral (TARV) durante el embarazo, no amamantar y la cesárea electiva. Las mujeres que no recibieron TARV tuvieron un porcentaje de TMI de 50,3%: Discusión: La TMI ha disminuido en Uruguay. Se deben realizar esfuerzos para captar la mujer embarazada, diagnosticarla y ofrecer TAlRV adecuado para lograr cifras similares a la de países desarrollados.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV-1 , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , Breast Feeding , Cesarean Section , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: A varicella outbreak occurred in a Uruguayan village that introduced the varicella vaccine in 1999 with currently high vaccination rates. AIM: To investigate the cause of the outbreak, vaccine effectiveness, and to describe the measures adopted. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cases that occurred in the kindergarten and schools in the village were investigated. Vaccination cards were examined, history of chickenpox and clinical characteristic of the current episode were obtained and the outcome of the measures was evaluated. An estimate was made of the vaccine's effectiveness. RESULTS: 37 cases of varicella were reported, 14 occurring in previously vaccinated children, in a one total population of 313 children. The global effectiveness of the vaccine was 80%, and 100% for severe cases. A shift of cases towards older ages was demonstrated; vaccinated children had a trend of less fever and lower number of lesions. Immunization of healthy unvaccinated children, mainly adolescents stopped the outbreak. COMMENTS: The vaccine proved to be highly effectiveness. In an outbreak situation, immunization policies should consider "catch up" vaccination in non-immunized adolescents without a previous history of varicella.
Subject(s)
Chickenpox Vaccine , Chickenpox/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Adolescent , Chickenpox/immunology , Chickenpox/prevention & control , Chickenpox Vaccine/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Severity of Illness Index , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A varicella outbreak occurred in a Uruguayan village that introduced the varicella vaccine in 1999 with currently high vaccination rates. Aim: To investigate the cause of the outbreak, vaccine effectiveness, and to describe the measures adopted. Material and Methods: Cases that occurred in the kindergarten and schools in the village were investigated. Vaccination cards were examined, history of chickenpox and clinical characteristic of the current episode were obtained and the outcome of the measures was evaluated. An estimate was made of the vaccine's effectiveness. Results: 37 cases of varicella were reported, 14 occurring in previously vaccinated children, in a one total population of 313 children. The global effectiveness of the vaccine was 80 percent, and 100 percent for severe cases. A shift of cases towards older ages was demonstrated; vaccinated children had a trend of less fever and lower number of lesions. Immunization of healthy unvaccinated children, mainly adolescents stopped the outbreak. Comments: The vaccine proved to be highly effectiveness. In an outbreak situation, immunization policies should consider "catch up" vaccination in non-immunized adolescents without a previous history of varicella.
Un brote de varicela acaeció en un pueblo uruguayo que había introducido la vacunación anti-varicela en 1999 y tenía altas coberturas de vacunación. Objetivo: Investigar las causas del brote, la efectividad de la vacunación y evaluar las medidas adoptadas. Material y Métodos: Se investigó los casos ocurridos enjardines de infantes y colegios. Se revisó el carné de vacunación de cada niño además de averiguar por historia previa de varicela, las características clínicas de los casos y el resultado de las medidas adoptadas. Se hizo una estimación de la efectividad de la vacuna. Resultados: Se presentaron 37 casos de varicela, 14 de los cuales habían recibido la vacuna, en una población total de 313 niños. La efectividad global de la vacuna fue de 80 por ciento, y de 100 por ciento para los casos graves. Se constató un desplazamiento de la enfermedad hacia edades mayores; además, los casos en vacunados tuvieron una tendencia a presentar menos fiebre y un número menor de lesiones. La vacunación de aquellos que no habían tenido la varicela y no estaban vacunados antes, detuvo el brote epidémico. Comentarios: Se demostró la efectividad de la vacuna. La política de vacunación debiera evaluar si es necesario proceder a la vacunación "de rescate" en adolescentes no vacunados y que no exhiben el antecedente de haber padecido la varicela.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Chickenpox Vaccine , Chickenpox/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Chickenpox Vaccine/immunology , Chickenpox/immunology , Chickenpox/prevention & control , Severity of Illness Index , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
En Uruguay existe un gran porcentaje de mujeres que no controlan su embarazo y donde la transmisión vertical de la infección por VIH alcanza al 50 por ciento. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de infección por VIH en mujeres embarazadas que desconocen su estado serológico, y que no controlan o controlan mal su gestación, y disminuir la transmisión vertical. Pacientes y métodos: entre enero de 2002 y enero de 2004 se realizó el test rápido para detectar infección por VIH a toda mujer embarazada que no supiera su condición serológica y que consultara en el Servicio Gineco-Obstétrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. De acuerdo a la edad gestacional se tomaban las medidas profilácticas consideradas más adecuadas. Se calculó la prevalencia de infección por VIH en esas mujeres y el porcentaje de transmisión a sus hijos. Resultados: hubo 34.338 consultas obstétricas y se realizaron 4.599 tests rápidos. Se detectaron 58 mujeres positivas, 8 de ellas conocían previamente su condición serológica. La prevalencia de infección por VIH fue de 1,1 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 0,8-1,4). Hubo un falso positivo y cuatro abortos. Diez mujeres abandonaron los controles. Doce recibieron antiretrovirales durante el embarazo por más de una semana. Se controlaron 39 niños y 2 fueron infectados. El porcentaje de transmisión fue de 5,1 por ciento. Como algunas mujeres y niños se perdieron en el seguimiento, es necesario complementar la estrategia de un screening de test rápido para infección por VIH con otras medidas como consejería y entrevista con asistente social para optimizar estos resultados.