[The free union in Latin America: recent aspects of a secular phenomenon]. / L'union libre en Amerique latine: aspects recents d'un phenomene seculaire.

PIP: The author describes the evolution of free unions in Latin America since 1950 as well as their key sociodemographic characteristics. The study was conducted using the available literature, which describes the permanence and heterogeneity of the phenomenon in the region. After having reviewed the key characteristics, the author considers the case of Mexico, where the highest number of demographic studies have been undertaken upon nuptiality, especially free union. Mexico has such an abundance of data because of its frequent use of the category ¿type of union¿ to explain specific demographic phenomena. Union type, related to varied socioeconomic situations, has allowed demographers to deepen their understanding of nuptiality models in Mexico. Latin American free unions are closely tied to the formation of colonial society and its history. In the context of a large mix of races resulting from the meetings of differing cultures, these unions are the result of the partial failure of attempts by the European colonial powers to impose Catholicism and its accompanying model of marriage upon colonized territories in the region and their people. The importance of the phenomenon of informal unions, free unions, or consensual unions varies considerably across the continent, as well as across time.^ieng

[Trajectories of life: support for the interpretation of demographic phenomena]. / Trayectorias de vida: un apoyo para la interpretacion de los fenomenos demograficos.

PIP: The author analyzes demographic phenomena of the life course in Mexico, with a focus on different generations and intergenerational relationships within the family since the 1930s. Aspects considered include education, occupations, marriage patterns, and reproduction.^ieng

[Change and consistency in nuptiality in Mexico]. / Cambios y permanencias de la nupcialidad en Mexico.

The author uses census data to analyze recent trends in nuptiality in Mexico. She notes that "the fact that census data include both married and common-law couples enables...[questions] to be answered at the same time as it allows one to trace the development of the main indexes of marriage rates from 1930 to 1990. Differences between the sexes are established to provide a fuller analysis and a distinction is made between changes experienced by common-law and married couples." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Nuptiality: the most relevant changes]. / La nupcialidad. Los cambios mas relevantes.

PIP: Changes in family structure throughout the world have prompted research into the role of couple formation and stability as regulators of biological and social reproduction. The demographic transition has changed the demographic context of nuptiality. Mortality decline has increased survival of spouses as well as of children, and voluntary separation of couples has eclipsed widowhood as a cause of marriage dissolution. Marriage dissolution and remarriage have added complexity to family arrangements. Census data are a good source of information on nuptiality in Mexico. Around 1950, Mexico like most Latin American countries experienced an increase in nuptiality. The trend reverted after the 1960s, simultaneously with the increase in separation and divorce. Between 1970 and 1990, the proportion of Mexican men who remained single at age 45-49 declined from 6.0% to 5.6%, while the proportion of women single at the same age increased from 6.8 to 7.2%. Age at first union was 24.5 in 1970; 24.1 in 1980, and 24.7 in 1990 for men, and 21.1 in 1970, 21.6 in 1980, and 22.2 in 1990 for women. The age difference between spouses declined from 3.4 years in 1970 to 2.5 years in 1990, at least partly due to the rapid population growth of 1950-1970, which created an imbalance in the numbers of older men available for marriage to women in the larger slightly younger cohorts. Between 1970 and 1990, the proportion of women in interrupted unions increased from 5.2% to 9.5%, while the corresponding proportion for men declined from 3.3% to 2.9%. In 1990, 86% of unions among persons over age 15 were legal marriages.^ieng

Neumonía por neumocystis carinii en pacientes con S.I.D.A: diagnóstico y manejo Hospital tipo 2 / Pneumonia by pneumocystis carinii in AIDS patient: diagnosis and manegement

La infección por Neumocystis Carinii es una de las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes y precoces en pacientes con SIDA. Se describe caso clínico de paciente VIH (+), ingresada por Neumonitis inespecífica a Hospital tipo 2, logrando diagnosticarse Neumonitis por Neumocystis Carinii, por visualización directa de quistes con tinción de PAP y PAS en expectoración bronquial, obtenida con nebulizaciones con suero hipertónico, mucolíticos y apoyo kinésico. Se trató con trimetropin-sulfametoxazol ev. (100 mg/kp y 20 mg/kp, respectivamente) durante 15 días y profilaxis posterior, asociando céfalosporina de tercera generación por infección pulmonar oportunista (I.I.H.), evolucionando satisfactoriamente y con regresión completa de compromiso respiratorio, tanto clínico, gasométrico, como radiológico. Por estudio inmunológico y clínico se clasificó a dicha paciente como WRG (Walter Reed Army Medical Center, USA. 1986). Se concluye la factibilidad de efectuar diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como manejo de pacientes con SIDA e infección por Neumocystis Carinii, en un Hospital tipo 2, con apoyo de laboratorio de Centro de mayor complejidad

[Features of nuptiality in the border zone]. / Particularidades de la nupcialidad fronteriza.

"This article is limited to an analysis of some characteristics of nuptiality in the municipalities in the northern border zone of Mexico, based on the classification of the population by age and sex [and] by marital status...contained in the 1980 Census.... Nuptiality in the border zone is not only distinguished from that of the country as a whole, but also in relation to the states in which the municipalities comprising it are located." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Women pioneers of reproductive change in Mexico]. / Mujeres pioneras del cambio reproductivo en Mexico.

PIP: The authors attempt to characterize the women who have played a pioneering role in changing reproductive patterns in Mexico. They investigate groups of women having high and low fertility, the importance of generational groups, and variations in the impact of age at first union. The effect of selected socioeconomic and geographical characteristics on reproductive behavior is explored.^ieng

[Mexico: nuptiality differentials by region and size of settlement]. / Mexico: diferencias de nupcialidad por regiones y tamanos de localidad.

"This article presents a description of the patterns of marriage to be found in the different regions of Mexico based on an analysis of the National Demographic Survey...conducted in 1982.... An assessment was made of first marriages in terms of their timing, intensity, average age at marriage and nature of the union according to the size of the settlement. Then a similar analysis was effected for each region. In conclusion, it is pointed out that in Mexico two patterns of nuptiality coexist: one which is characterized as 'traditional' and the other which has been called the 'Gulf-Caribbean' pattern because in some respects it is similar to the patterns found in the Caribbean region." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[From natural to controlled fertility: Mexico, 1950-1980]. / De una fecundidad natural a una controlada: Mexico 1950-1980.

PIP: Mexico's demographic transition was much later and more rapid than the classic transitions of European populations. A careful study of available data sources, especially fertility surveys, allows a detailed understanding of the reproductive process in Mexico, including the nuptiality patterns that influence fertility as well as changes in general and marital fertility. This work assesses the data sources and methods utilized to analyze Mexican fertility in the past, reviews fertility trends before the onset of the transition from about 1940-70, and describes the new reproductive patterns observed since about 1976. Fertility information from the decinnial censuses is not very adequate for measuring fertility levels or trends. Possible estimates based on census information are few and widely scattered in time, and omissions, underregistration, and faulty declarations are common because of the retrospective nature of the census. Census information is highly aggregated so that significant intermediate variables are not easy to assess. But census data are still the only source allowing estimations of fertility levels by areas of residence, administrative entities, and their social and economic characteristics. Mexico's vital statistics are of poor quality, with underregistration and late registration common. Evaluations of the Mexican Fertility Survey (EMF) of 1976-77 indicate that it provides more reliable estimates than the vital statistics or the census. The EMF and the National Demographic Survey (END) of 1982 indicate that the total fertility rate fell by 30.3% between 1974-80, from 6.27 to 4.37. Both the EMF and the END were national level surveys which collected complete fertility histories thus providing longitudinal information on the marital and fertility histories of women aged 15-49. This work uses primarily data from the EMF and END to analyze the period of fertility increase between 1940-60, the period of highest fertility between 1950-70, and the transition from a natural fertility regime to one of fertility control after 1970. The analysis contains 2 major parts, 1 presenting a study of general fertility including age specific rates for generations and periods, final family size of women terminating their childbearing, and the calendar of fertility for women still of fertile age. The 2nd major section focuses on marital fertility using the same indicators but taking into account the relationships between nuptiality and fertility. Comparisons are included between fertility levels based on the major surveys and those implied by the census and vital statistics data.^ieng