Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 in Peruvian dogs: Temporal/geographical and evolutionary dynamics of virus.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been recognized all around the world as the causal agent of a contagious and highly mortal disease in domestic dogs. In Peru, the infection is endemic and unvaccinated animals and puppies are the most at risk. In order to analyze viral diversity and determine the evolutionary genetic relationships and transmission dynamic of Peruvian CPV-2, were collected during the period of 2016-2017 rectal swabs from puppies with parvovirosis compatible symptoms. Viral DNA was amplified by PCR using primers that flanked the ends of the viral genome and sequenced by Illumina Miseq platform. Twenty-six genomic sequences (NSP1-VP1) of CPV from several districts in Lima Metropolitan area were obtained. The VP2 gene analysis demonstrated the presence of the New CPV-2a, New CPV-2b and 2c variants. The phylodynamic analysis of the viral genomes determined that all Peruvian sequences were clustered into a big clade named South American clade that emerged from the west region of Europe (Italy). The Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) of the South American clade was dated to 1993. Peruvian sequences were distributed into three subclades, and the 92% of these sequences were related to Ecuadorian CPV-2. The results suggests that three independent introduction events of virus from other countries could have occurred, in two of these events, CPV-2 from Ecuador were introduced in Peru in 2003 and 2009, and another introduction event, in 2000, from Europe. Overall, these results indicate a viral genetic relationship between Peruvian with Ecuadorian and European virus, and the circulation of several viral subpopulations in Lima Metropolitan.

Canine parvovirus types 2a and 2c detection from dogs with suspected parvoviral enteritis in Peru.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has been reported worldwide as the main agent related to acute hemorrhagic enteritis of high morbidity and variable mortality in puppies. The detection and characterization of this virus is essential to understand the etiology of the disease and to develop control measures. To characterize the virus circulating in Peruvian dogs and to provide new insights into the local diversity of CPV-2, rectal swabs from 39 puppies with clinical symptoms and with no history of previous vaccinations were analyzed. Total DNA was extracted by fast boiling method, and PCR and sequencing were performed using specific primers that amplify a 1316 bp fragment corresponding to the VP2 gene of CPV-2. CPV-2 was detected in 62% of the analyzed samples. The sequencing of PCR product was possible in 9 samples, which were identified as type 2a (4 samples) and type 2c (5 samples). A phylogenetic analysis of both variants circulating in Peruvian dogs showed similarities to Equatorian and Uruguayan strains. This work constitutes the first report about genetic characterization of CPV-2 in Peru.