Incidencia del Traumatismo Dentoalveolar en pacientes atendidos por el Sistema de Salud Pública en Chile

Introducción: Los traumas dentoalveolares constituyen un conjunto de lesiones que comprometen los dientes o a sus estructuras periodontales (producto de impactos violentos, directos o indirectos). Constituyen un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue: escribir la tendencia de la incidencia del traumatismo dentoalveolar según grupos etarios en pacientes del Fondo Nacional de Salud reportados en Atención Primaria en Salud y Centros de Especialidades en Chile durante el periodo 2008-2018. Métodos: Investigación de tipo descriptivo transversal se calcularon las tasas de incidencia específicas por edad entre 2008 y 2014 de la Atención Primaria de Salud y estas mismas tasas en los Centros de Especialidades entre 2009-2018. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten observar que la tendencia en APS disminuyó de forma progresiva y en Centros de Especialidades aumentó en todos los años, excepto en el rango etario de 20-64 años. En este último caso, el número de años estudiados permitió la estimación de proyecciones de las tasas de incidencia hacia los años 2019-2021, que indican que habría un aumento. Conclusiones: El registro de traumas dentoalveolares en Chile en el Sistema de Salud Pública es deficiente para realizar investigaciones con poblaciones representativas. Lo que dificulta la comprensión de la epidemiología y la determinación de estrategias adecuadas.

Introducción: Dentoalveolar traumas are defined as a set of injuries that compromise the teeth or their periodontal structures, as a consequence of a direct or indirect violent impact. They constitute a public health problem worldwide. Objective. To describe the trend of the incidence of dentoalveolar trauma according to age groups in patients from the National Health Fund reported in Primary Health Care and Specialty Centers in Chile during the period 2008-2018. Methods: The research carried out in the present work is of a descriptive transversal type. Age-specific incidence rates were calculated between 2008 and 2014 for Primary Health Care and these same rates in Specialty Centers between 2009-2018. Results: The results obtained allow us to observe that the trend in PHC decreased progressively and in Specialty Centers it increased in all years, except in the age range of 20-64 years. In the latter case, the number of years studied allowed the estimation of incidence rate projections towards the years 2019-2021, which indicate that there would be an increase. Conclusions: The registry of dentoalveolar traumas in Chile in the Public Health System is deficient to carry out research with representative populations. This makes it difficult to understand epidemiology and determine appropriate strategies.

A fast and simple method to estimate relative, hyphal tensile-strength of filamentous fungi used to assess the effect of autophagy.

Fungal hyphal strength is an important phenotype which can have a profound impact on bioprocess behavior. Until now, there is not an efficient method which allows its characterization. Currently available methods are very time consuming, thus, compromising their applicability in strain selection and process development. To overcome this issue, a method for fast and easy, statistically verified quantification of relative hyphal tensile strength was developed. It involves off-line fragmentation in a high shear mixer followed by quantification of fragment size using laser diffraction. Particle size distribution (PSD) is determined, with analysis time on the order of minutes. Plots of PSD 90th percentile versus time allow estimation of the specific fragmentation rate. This novel method is demonstrated by estimating relative hyphal strength during growth in control conditions and rapamycin-induced autophagy for Aspergillus nidulans (parental strain) and a mutant strain (ΔAnatg8) lacking an important autophagy gene. Both strains were grown in shake flasks and relative hyphal tensile strength was compared. The mutant strain grown in control conditions appears to be weaker than the parental strain, suggesting that Anatg8 may play a role in other processes involving cell wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, rapamycin-induced autophagy resulted in apparently weaker cells even for the mutant strain. These findings confirm the utility of the developed method in strain selection and process development.

Fungal Morphology in Industrial Enzyme Production--Modelling and Monitoring.

Filamentous fungi are widely used in the biotechnology industry for the production of industrial enzymes. Thus, considerable work has been done with the purpose of characterizing these processes. The ultimate goal of these efforts is to be able to control and predict fermentation performance on the basis of "standardized" measurements in terms of morphology, rheology, viscosity, mass transfer and productivity. However, because the variables are connected or dependent on each other, this task is not trivial. The aim of this review article is to gather available information in order to explain the interconnectivity between the different variables in submerged fermentations. An additional factor which makes the characterization of a fermentation broth even more challenging is that the data obtained are also dependent on the way they have been collected-meaning which technologies or probes have been used, and on the way the data is interpreted-i.e. which models were applied. The main filamentous fungi used in industrial fermentation are introduced, ranging from Trichoderma reesei to Aspergillus species. Due to the fact that secondary metabolites, like antibiotics, are not to be considered bulk products, organisms like e.g. Penicillium chrysogenum are just briefly touched upon for the description of some characterization techniques. The potential for development of different morphological phenotypes is discussed as well, also in view of what this could mean to productivity and-equally important-the collection of the data. An overview of the state of the art techniques for morphology characterization is provided, discussing methods that finally can be employed as the computational power has grown sufficiently in the recent years. Image analysis (IA) clearly benefits most but it also means that methods like near infrared measurement (NIR), capacitance and on-line viscosity now provide potential alternatives as powerful tools for characterizing morphology. These measuring techniques, and to some extent their combination, allow obtaining the data necessary for supporting the creation of mathematical models describing the fermentation process. An important part of this article will indeed focus on describing the different models, and on discussing their importance to fermentations of filamentous fungi in general. The main conclusion is that it has not yet been attempted to develop an overarching model that spans across strains and scales, as most studies indeed conclude that their respective results might be strain specific and not necessarily valid across scales.