ABSTRACT
RESUMEN: Antecedentes: El consumo de antibióticos se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública. Aproximadamente un 10% de los antibióticos son indicados por odontólogos. Algunos países han identificado las prácticas clínicas relacionadas con su indicación por medio de cuestionarios de auto-reporte. En Chile no existe información respecto al uso e indicación de antibióticos de los odontólogos. Objetivo: Diseñar y validar un instrumento para el levantamiento de información sobre la indicación de antibióticos por los odontólogos en Chile. Método: Se diseñó una investigación en dos etapas: 1) Creación de un cuestionario de auto-reporte como instrumento de levantamiento de información. 2) Pilotaje del cuestionario y análisis descriptivo sobre los hábitos de prescripción. Resultados: Se creó un cuestionario de 88 preguntas, organizadas principalmente en matrices. El Content Validity Index fue 0.88. En el pilotaje se analizaron 418 respuestas. El 51,67% fueron de la Región Metropolitana, 43% de odontólogos tiene más de 10 años de experiencia, 50% declara tener estudios de postítulo, 81% señaló prescribir antibióticos entre 1% y 25% de sus pacientes en un mes de trabajo. Amoxicilina es el antibiótico más indicado. Conclusión: Se valida el instrumento diseñado para levantar información respecto a la indicación de antibióticos por los odontólogos en Chile.
ABSTRACT: Background: Antibiotic consumption has become a public health problem. Dentists prescribe approximately 10% of the antibiotics. Some countries have identified clinical practices related to their prescription through self-report questionnaires. In Chile, there is no information regarding the prescription of antibiotics by dentists. Aim: Design and validate an instrument that allows for collecting information about antibiotic prescription by dentists in Chile. Method: An investigation was designed in two stages: 1) Creation of a self-report questionnaire as an information-gathering instrument. 2) A pilot study of the questionnaire to perform a descriptive analysis of prescription habits. Results: A questionnaire of 88 questions was created, organized mainly in matrices. The Content Validity Index was 0.88. During the pilot, 418 responses were analyzed. 51.67% of the dentists were from the Metropolitan Region, 43% had more than ten years of experience, 50% declared having postgraduate studies, 81% indicated that they prescribed antibiotics to between 1% and 25% of their patients in one month of work. Amoxicillin is the most prescribed antibiotic. Conclusion: The instrument designed was validated to evaluate the antibiotic prescription habits by dentists in Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dentists , Prescriptions , Habits , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chile , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Non-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PAM) and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) are commonly used polymers in various industrial applications, including in oil and gas production operations. Understanding the microbial utilization of such polymers can contribute to improved recovery processes and help to develop technologies for polymer remediation. Microbial communities enriched from oilfield produced water (PW) and activated sludge from Alberta, Canada were assessed for their ability to utilize PAM and HPAM as nitrogen and carbon sources at 50 °C. Microbial growth was determined by measuring CO2 production, and viscosity changes and amide concentrations were used to determine microbial utilization of the polymers. The highest CO2 production was observed in incubations wherein HPAM was added as a nitrogen source for sludge-derived enrichments. Our results showed that partial deamination of PAM and HPAM occurred in both PW and sludge microbial cultures after 34 days of incubation. Whereas viscosity changes were not observed in cultures when HPAM or PAM was provided as the only carbon source, sludge enrichment cultures amended with HPAM and glucose showed significant decreases in viscosity. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that microbial members from the family Xanthomonadaceae were enriched in both PW and sludge cultures amended with HPAM or PAM as a nitrogen source, suggesting the importance of this microbial taxon in the bio-utilization of these polymers. Overall, our results demonstrate that PAM and HPAM can serve as nitrogen sources for microbial communities under the thermophilic conditions commonly found in environments such as oil and gas reservoirs.
