Human papillomavirus genotypes and P16INK4A expression in squamous penile carcinoma in Mexican patients.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 50% of cases of penile carcinoma (PeCa), a rare neoplasm worldwide, are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). However, the detection of HPV-DNA is not sufficient to consider it the etiological factor in the development of this type of cancer. Currently, the overexpression of P16INK4A is used as a surrogate biomarker of HPV carcinogenesis. Information on PeCa in Mexico is scarce, particularly regarding cases related to HPV and genotype frequency. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of HPV, its genotypes, and the presence of multiple genotypes, and the expression of P16INK4A, as well as its clinical and histopathological parameters. METHODS: For HPV-DNA detection and P16INK4A expression, we used the INNO-LiPA® test and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: Sixty cases of PeCa were evaluated, of which 75% were HPV-non-related histological variants. We found that 58.9% (33/56) of PeCa cases were HPV-DNA positive, while 30.9% of the cases evaluated (17/55) were positive for P16INK4A. HPV16 was the main genotype in 42.9% of the cases, followed by HPV52 in 7.1% and HPV18 in 5.4%. Within the HPV-positive cases, 27.3% had multiple genotypes. All HPV-positive patients under the age of 45 years were positive only for HPV16. CONCLUSIONS: HPV16 was the most commonly detected genotype in PeCa. HPV 31, 35 and 39 were infrequent; however, they were related to a single infection and P16INK4A overexpression; thus, they seem to be relevant in PeCa carcinogenesis. Our results suggest that P16INK4A overexpression could be useful for the classification of HPV-related PeCa. The role of multiple HPV genotypes in the development and prognosis of PeCa is still not completely understood. Thus, it is necessary to define criteria to establish reliable ways to classify HPV-related PeCa that could lead to optimal therapeutic approaches.

Trece años de experiencia en el manejo de cáncer vesical con neovejiga ortotópica de Studer / Management of bladder cancer with Studer orthotopic neobladder: 13-year experience

Introducción: Posterior a la cistectomía radical, la derivaciones urinarias ortotópicas han tomado importancia en los últimos años. El objetivo de este informe es presentar los resultados en pacientes sometidos a derivación urinaria ortotópica tipo Studer posterior a cistectomía radical. Material y métodos: Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes con cáncer vesical sometidos a cistectomía radical más realización de neovejiga ileal entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 2004. Resultados: De los 306 pacientes operados de cistectomía radial con derivación urinaria, se incluyeron 42 (13.7 %) pacientes en quienes la derivación urinaria fue neovejiga tipo Studer, 34 (80.9 %) hombres y ocho (19.1 %) mujeres, con una edad promedio de 60 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de siete horas, con sangrado promedio de 1600 ml, requiriendo ingreso a unidad de terapia intensiva 55 % de los casos. La complicación temprana más frecuente fue la acidosis metabólica, presente en 28 (66 %) pacientes, y la más grave fue la fuga urinaria uretero-ileal, en siete (16.6 %). Entre las complicaciones tardías más importantes destacan la incontinencia urinaria diurna y nocturna, frecuentemente relacionadas a infecciones de vías urinarias y oclusión intestinal. A cinco años de seguimiento, la sobrevida global fue de 71 %, la mortalidad específica por cáncer fue de 15 % y la mortalidad relacionada a la cirugía de 7.3 %. Conclusiones: La realización de neovejigas ortotópicas es reproducible en centros con experiencia y una alternativa a la derivación urinaria heterotópica con conducto ileal.

BACKGROUND: We present the results of patients submitted to a Studer type urinary orthotopic derivation after radical cystectomy. METHODS: The files of patients with bladder cancer submitted to a radical cystectomy plus the procedure of the ileal neobladder were reviewed in our hospital from January 1992 until December 2004. Patients were divided into two groups: group A--60 years old or younger and group B-->60 years old. RESULTS: From 306 patients submitted to radical cystectomy with urinary derivation, there were 42 patients (13.7%) included with Studer type neobladder. There were 34 (80.9 %) men and 8 (19.1%) women, with an average age of 60 years. Average surgical time was 7 h with an average blood loss of 1600 cc requiring transfer to intensive care unit (ICU) in 55% of the cases. The most frequent early complication was metabolic acidosis that was present in 28 (66%) patients. The most severe complication was ileal-ureter urinary leak, which was present in seven (16.6 %) patients. Among the most frequent late complications are the day- and night-time urinary incontinence often related to urinary infections and intestinal occlusion. Overall 5-year survival was 71%, cancer-specific mortality was 15% and surgical-related mortality was 7.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of procedures with orthotopic neobladders is actually feasible in experienced hospital centers and is a valuable alternative to urinary heterotopic derivation with ileal conduit. Postoperative patient management and regular follow-up is of major importance.

[Surgical experience with urachal carcinoma]. / Experiencia quirúrgica en el adenocarcinoma de uraco.

BACKGROUND: Urachal carcinomas are rare neoplasms that constitute <1% of bladder tumors. We undertook this study to describe the medical and surgical experience of urachal carcinomas treated in our hospital. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective, descriptive and observational study. Clinical files were reviewed of patients with diagnosis of bladder cancer and who were operated on with radical cystectomy with urinary substitution and extended partial cystectomy, selecting those patients with pathological report of urachal carcinoma. The study was conducted from January 1994 to May 2007 analyzing the following data: age, sex, symptoms, diagnostic methods, surgical approach, complications and disease-free survival. RESULTS: Of the 306 patients operated on with radical surgery for bladder cancer, only five patients (1.6%) had a diagnosis of urachal carcinoma. There were three (60%) men and two (40%) women, with a median age of 61 years. Hematuria was the chief complaint in all cases and the reason why they were initially treated with ultrasonography (USG). In one case, tumor of the right ovary was documented and the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and extended partial cystectomy. In the other four cases, tumor was reported in the dome of the bladder and for this reason cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) were done, confirming the clinical findings in addition to the pathology report suggesting urachal carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed the tumor in urachal topography, reporting a Sheldon clinical stage IIIb in three patients and stage IVa in one patient. This was the reason for the Studer-type orthotopic bladder substitution. Currently, four patients are being followed-up without recurrence, reporting only one death related to the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Urachal carcinomas are rare tumors with an incidence of 1.6% in our studied population. Symptoms in most cases are similar to those of bladder pathology origin. The surgical approach and procedure described here provide the best opportunity for disease-free survival.

Experiencia quirúrgica en el adenocarcinoma de uraco / Surgical experience with urachal carcinoma

Introducción: Los adenocarcinomas de uraco constituyen menos de 1 % de las neoplasias malignas vesicales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la experiencia médica y quirúrgica al respecto en nuestro centro hospitalario. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional de pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer vesical a quienes se les efectuó cistectomía radical con derivación urinaria o cistectomía parcial, seleccionando aquellos con informe patológico de adenocarcinoma de uraco entre enero de 1994 y mayo de 2007. Se analizó edad, sexo, sintomatología, métodos diagnósticos, abordaje quirúrgico, complicaciones y sobrevida. Resultados: De 306 pacientes, cinco (1.6 %) tuvieron adenocarcinoma del uraco: tres hombres (60 %) y dos mujeres (40 %), con edad promedio de 61 años. Dado que la hematuria constituyó el síntoma común, fueron abordados inicialmente con ultrasonido. En uno se documentó tumor de ovario derecho, por lo que se realizó laparotomía exploradora y cistectomía parcial en bloque. En cuatro se identificó tumor en domo vesical y se efectuó cistoscopia y resección transuretral vesical; el informe de patología sugirió adenocarcinoma de uraco y la tomografía axial computarizada lo confirmó, permitiendo la etapificación clínica IIIb de Sheldon en tres pacientes y IVa en uno. Se realizó cistectomía radical con neovejiga ortotópica tipo Studer. Cuatro pacientes se encuentran sin recurrencia y uno murió a consecuencia de la enfermedad. Conclusiones. Los adenocarcinomas de uraco tuvieron una incidencia de 1.6 % en la población estudiada. La sintomatología refleja en la mayoría de los casos patología vesical, por lo que son estudiados y abordados como tal. La cirugía es la mejor oportunidad de cura.

BACKGROUND: Urachal carcinomas are rare neoplasms that constitute <1% of bladder tumors. We undertook this study to describe the medical and surgical experience of urachal carcinomas treated in our hospital. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective, descriptive and observational study. Clinical files were reviewed of patients with diagnosis of bladder cancer and who were operated on with radical cystectomy with urinary substitution and extended partial cystectomy, selecting those patients with pathological report of urachal carcinoma. The study was conducted from January 1994 to May 2007 analyzing the following data: age, sex, symptoms, diagnostic methods, surgical approach, complications and disease-free survival. RESULTS: Of the 306 patients operated on with radical surgery for bladder cancer, only five patients (1.6%) had a diagnosis of urachal carcinoma. There were three (60%) men and two (40%) women, with a median age of 61 years. Hematuria was the chief complaint in all cases and the reason why they were initially treated with ultrasonography (USG). In one case, tumor of the right ovary was documented and the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and extended partial cystectomy. In the other four cases, tumor was reported in the dome of the bladder and for this reason cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) were done, confirming the clinical findings in addition to the pathology report suggesting urachal carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed the tumor in urachal topography, reporting a Sheldon clinical stage IIIb in three patients and stage IVa in one patient. This was the reason for the Studer-type orthotopic bladder substitution. Currently, four patients are being followed-up without recurrence, reporting only one death related to the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Urachal carcinomas are rare tumors with an incidence of 1.6% in our studied population. Symptoms in most cases are similar to those of bladder pathology origin. The surgical approach and procedure described here provide the best opportunity for disease-free survival.

Management of bladder cancer with Studer orthotopic neobladder: 13-year experience.

BACKGROUND: We present the results of patients submitted to a Studer type urinary orthotopic derivation after radical cystectomy. METHODS: The files of patients with bladder cancer submitted to a radical cystectomy plus the procedure of the ileal neobladder were reviewed in our hospital from January 1992 until December 2004. Patients were divided into two groups: group A--60 years old or younger and group B-->60 years old. RESULTS: From 306 patients submitted to radical cystectomy with urinary derivation, there were 42 patients (13.7%) included with Studer type neobladder. There were 34 (80.9 %) men and 8 (19.1%) women, with an average age of 60 years. Average surgical time was 7 h with an average blood loss of 1600 cc requiring transfer to intensive care unit (ICU) in 55% of the cases. The most frequent early complication was metabolic acidosis that was present in 28 (66%) patients. The most severe complication was ileal-ureter urinary leak, which was present in seven (16.6 %) patients. Among the most frequent late complications are the day- and night-time urinary incontinence often related to urinary infections and intestinal occlusion. Overall 5-year survival was 71%, cancer-specific mortality was 15% and surgical-related mortality was 7.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of procedures with orthotopic neobladders is actually feasible in experienced hospital centers and is a valuable alternative to urinary heterotopic derivation with ileal conduit. Postoperative patient management and regular follow-up is of major importance.

[Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in penis cancer. Feasibility study and preliminary report]. / Mapeo linfático y biopsia del ganglio centinela en cáncer de pene. Estudio de factibilidad y reporte preliminar.

Most patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis do not have inguinal node metastasis at the time of diagnosis and 50% of those having palpable nodes are inflammatory. Penis cancer (PC) treatment implies resection of the primary tumor and inguinal lymphadenectomy; nevertheless, morbidity related to this procedure is high and its usefulness may be questioned in patients without metastasis in dissected nodes. Lymphatic mapping with sentinel node biopsy (LMSNB) is a valid alternative, useful in other neoplasias. The objective of this study is to determine if it is possible to identify a sentinel node (SN) in patients with PC. Patients with T1-2 PC without palpable nodes (N0) were included. LMSNB was carried out with the combined technique (blue dye and radiocolloid). All patients underwent an elective bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. Sensitivity and false negative index were calculated. SNs were sent for transoperative study with imprint technique and, definitively, with serial cuts and hematoxylin/eosin staining. Nine patients showed results with 32 lymph carrier zones and SN was identified in all of them, 4 regions had metastasis, in 3 the SN was metastatic and in one patient was metastasis-negative (false negative); sensitivity = 80%; false negatives index = 20%. Seven patients (77%) did not have node metastasis. LMSNB is an alternative for staging PC patients and could prevent unnecessary inguinal lymphadenectomies. A larger number of patients is required to validate the sturdy. The combined technique offers a high rate of success in SN identification.