Prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life in a sample of women in the first 24 h postpartum during the hospital stay. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from screening phase of a birth cohort. The proportion of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months (primary outcome) derived from a negative response to the question "Would you be willing to try to breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months?", in an interview conducted by previously trained interviewers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: A total of 2964 postpartum women were interviewed. The overall prevalence of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months was 17.8% (16.4-19.1%). After adjusting for maternal age and type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), no intention to exclusively breastfeed was higher in mothers with a monthly household income < 3 minimum wages (PR, 1.64; 1.35-1.98) and in those who intended to smoke 4-7 days/week after delivery (PR, 1.42; 1.11-1.83). The presence of significant newborn morbidity (PR, 0.32; 0.19-0.54) and intention to breastfeed up to 12 months (PR, 0.46; 0.38-0.55) had a protective effect against not intending to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Conclusions: Approximately 1 in every 5 mothers did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Strategies aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding should focus attention on mothers from lower economic strata and smokers.

Prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life in a sample of women in the first 24 h postpartum during the hospital stay. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data from screening phase of a birth cohort. The proportion of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months (primary outcome) derived from a negative response to the question "Would you be willing to try to breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months?", in an interview conducted by previously trained interviewers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: A total of 2964 postpartum women were interviewed. The overall prevalence of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months was 17.8% (16.4-19.1%). After adjusting for maternal age and type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), no intention to exclusively breastfeed was higher in mothers with a monthly household income < 3 minimum wages (PR, 1.64; 1.35-1.98) and in those who intended to smoke 4-7 days/week after delivery (PR, 1.42; 1.11-1.83). The presence of significant newborn morbidity (PR, 0.32; 0.19-0.54) and intention to breastfeed up to 12 months (PR, 0.46; 0.38-0.55) had a protective effect against not intending to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in every 5 mothers did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Strategies aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding should focus attention on mothers from lower economic strata and smokers.

Atuação da psicologia em um centro de terapia intensiva dedicado para COVID-19: relato de experiência / The psychologist's work within a COVID intensive care unit: an experience report

As reestruturações necessárias nos serviços de saúde em decorrência da pandemia da COVID-19 geraram impactos na assistência aos pacientes hospitalizados, em especial àqueles gravemente afetados pela doença. A atuação da psicologia em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva dedicadas a esses pacientes requer a ampliação de ferramentas clínicas que possibilitem o atendimento às demandas psicológicas nesse contexto. Esse artigo discute, a partir de um relato de experiência, as atividades desenvolvidas pela equipe de psicologia em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva voltado ao tratamento da COVID-19: atendimento remoto a familiares, atendimento aos pacientes, visitas virtuais e presenciais. As intervenções realizadas, em consonância com o referencial teórico utilizado, indicam os seguintes benefícios: fortalecimento das conexões entre paciente, família e equipe; atenuação do sofrimento provocado pela situação de isolamento; prevenção de agravos em saúde mental relacionados ao luto complicado e à vivência de experiências traumáticas. Espera-se que as inovações nas práticas desenvolvidas sigam contribuindo para qualificar a atenção a pacientes críticos após a pandemia.(AU)

The reorganization needed in health care services due to the COVID-19 pandemic generated a substantial impact on the assistance of hospital patients, especially those who are severely affected by the disease. The psychologist's work in Intensive Care Units, dedicated to these specific patients, requires the amplification of clinical tools that enable the assistance of the psychological demands in this context. In an experience report format, this article discusses the activities developed by the psychological team in an Intensive Care Unit dedicated to the treatment of COVID-19 patients such as: families' remote support, direct patient´s psychological care and virtual and face to face visits. The interventions, in accordance with the theoretical background used, indicate the following benefits: strengthening of the connection between patient, family and health care teams, attenuation of suffering provoked by isolation, the prevention of the aggravation of mental health problems related to complicated mourning processes and the experience of traumatic situations. It is hoped that the innovative developed practices can continue to contribute to qualify the assistance of critically ill patients after the pandemic.(AU)

La necesaria reestructuración de los servicios de salud como consecuencia de la pandemia COVID-19 ha repercutido en la atención de los pacientes hospitalarios, especialmente en los afectados gravemente por la enfermedad. El trabajo de la psicología en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos dedicadas a estos pacientes requiere la ampliación de herramientas clínicas que permitan atender las demandas psicológicas de este contexto. Este artículo analiza, a partir de un relato de experiencia, las actividades desarrolladas por el equipo de psicología en un Centro de Cuidados Intensivos enfocado al tratamiento del COVID-19: atención remota a familiares, atención a pacientes, visitas virtuales y presenciales. Las intervenciones realizadas, en consonancia con el referencial teórico utilizado, señalan los siguientes beneficios: fortalecimiento de las conexiones entre paciente, familia y equipo; mitigación del sufrimiento causado por la situación de aislamiento; prevención de agravios en salud mental relacionados al duelo complicado y experiencias traumáticas. Se espera que las innovaciones en las prácticas desarrolladas continúen contribuyendo para calificar la atención de los pacientes críticos pasada la pandemia.(AU)

Genetic basis of thermotolerance in 2 local dairy sheep populations in the Iberian Peninsula.

Sheep milk production in the Northern Mediterranean countries heavily relies on local breeds subject to selection schemes to improve milk production. Climate change may shift the range of thermal loads on the animals and challenge their adaptation to the new thermal gradient. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic component of thermal tolerance of 2 local breeds from the Iberian Peninsula, Latxa and Manchega, belonging to different genetic types that have evolved under different climatic environments (Oceanic for Latxa and Continentalized Mediterranean for Manchega). A total of 79,243 and 2,388,853 test day monthly records of milk, fat and protein yields from 12,882 and 277,904 ewes of Latxa and Manchega breeds, respectively, along a 12-yr period, were matched with the value of the average temperature-humidity index (THI) on the day of milk recording of the closest weather station to the flocks. These data were used to fit individual reaction norms (Legendre polynomials) describing changes in yields along the THI gradient. Genetic values for thermal tolerance were obtained from the slopes of those reaction norms under cold or heat stress and variances and covariances between yield and thermal tolerance were derived from the (co)variance matrices of the polynomial random regression coefficients. Results showed differing patterns in the 2 breeds. The Latxa breed showed clearer signs of genotype by environment interaction than did Manchega. Estimated correlations between yields under extremes of cold and heat were always above 0.8 for Manchega and around 0.4 for Latxa for all traits. Estimates of correlations between comfort and thermal stress were again over 0.8 for Manchega and lower for the higher (hot end) values (down to 0.6) than for the lower (cold end) values (down to 0.84) of the THI gradient for Latxa, indicating greater thermal stress expected from high than from low temperatures in this breed. Substantial variability in thermal tolerance under the more extreme THI values was found in both breeds. Estimated genetic correlations between yield and thermal tolerance were close to 0 and 0.2 for Latxa and Manchega in the cold and down to -0.6 and -0.3 in the heat end, although small variation was observed for fat in Latxa. Estimated realized trends from the average estimated breeding value, by year of birth, showed a positive response for yields in both breeds [around 0.1 standard deviation (SD) unit], but a detrimental correlation for thermal tolerance (down to -0.03 SD units for heat tolerance in Latxa). These results can be used to design optimal selection strategies for sustainable improvement of productivity under a rising-temperature scenario associated with climate change.

Posttraumatic growth and predictor variables in Brazilian women with breast cancer / Crecimiento postraumático y variables predictoras en mujeres brasileñas con cáncer de mama

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is the most prevalent oncologic diagnosis given to women all around the world, and can cause diverse psychiatric symptomatologies and damage to the life of its carrier. The concept of posttraumatic growth (PTG) focuses on the perception of a positive change from the experience of a stressing situation. This study's objective was to evaluate PTG and different predictor variables for women (n = 84) with breast cancer in Brazil. METHOD: On this exploratory study, self-report scales referring to the diagnosis period and oncologic treatment were applied individually. RESULTS: Having a husband/partner, adaptive coping strategies and a religion of identification were found to be predictor variables in different established regressive models. Rumination did not show any correlation to PTG scores, refuting the results of previous studies. The results found in this study confirm previous research as for PTG predictors, except for rumination. CONCLUSIONS: Positive changes resulting from experiencing breast cancer are present in Brazilian women and different interventions can be thought of based on the study of predictors

OBJETIVO: El cáncer de mama es el diagnóstico oncológico más frecuente que se da a las mujeres en todo el mundo, y puede causar diversas sintomatologías psiquiátricas y daños a la vida de su portador. El concepto de crecimiento postraumático (CPT) se centra en la percepción de un cambio positivo desde la experiencia de una situación estresante. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el CPT y diferentes variables predictoras para mujeres (n= 84) con cáncer de mama en Brasil. MÉTODO: En este estudio exploratorio, las escalas de autoinforme que se refieren al período de diagnóstico y al tratamiento oncológico se aplicaron individualmente. RESULTADOS: Tener un esposo/compañero, estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas y una religión de identificación fueron variables predictoras en diferentes modelos regresivos establecidos. La ruminación no mostró ninguna correlación con las puntuaciones de CPT, refutando los resultados de estudios anteriores. Los resultados encontrados en este estudio confirman investigaciones previas en cuanto a los predictores de CPT, a excepción de la ruminación. CONCLUSIONES: Los cambios positivos que resultan de experimentar cáncer de mama están presentes en las mujeres brasileñas y se pueden pensar diferentes intervenciones basadas en el estudio de predictores

La gestión de los residuos de construcción y demolición en Villavicencio: estado actual, barreras e instrumentos de gestión / The management of the construction and demolition waste in Villavicencio: current status, barriers and management / A gestão de resíduos de construção e demolição em Villavicencio: situação atual, barreiras e instrumentos de gestão

Resumen A pesar de que en Colombia se han dado avances acerca de la gestión de los residuos provenientes de las actividades constructivas, en ciudades como Villavicencio, no existen estudios a fondo acerca de su generación y manejo. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo, consiste en identificar el estado actual, las barreras y los instrumentos que podrían ayudar a mejorar la gestión de los residuos de construcción y demolición en esta ciudad. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se empleó el método de observación y de análisis, y el tipo de estudio descriptivo. Con el fin de obtener la información, fue necesario realizar visitas y encuestas a empresas constructoras. Posteriormente, la información recopilada fue examinada por medio del análisis multiatributo y el software estadístico SSPS. Como resultado, se obtuvo que las tierras de excavación y el concreto son los residuos que más se generan en las actividades constructivas. Como medida para reducir los residuos y mejorar su gestión, las empresas dieron mayor importancia a la etapa de prevención. La falta de conciencia medioambiental y de control en el cumplimiento de la legislación fueron las principales barreras detectadas. Los incentivos tributarios fueron considerados como instrumentos relevantes para la gestión.

Abstract Although in Colombia there have been advances in the management of waste from construction activities, in cities such as Villavicencio, there are no in-depth studies about their generation and management. Therefore, the objective of this article is to identify the current state, barriers and instruments that could help improve the management of construction and demolition waste in this city. To carry out the study the observation and analysis method, and the type of descriptive study, was used. In order to obtain the information, it was necessary to make visits and surveys to construction companies. Subsequently the information collected was examined through the multi-attribute analysis and the statistical software SSPS. As result it go that the excavation lands and the concrete are the most generated waste in the construction activities. As measure to reduce waste and improve its management, companies gave greater importance to the prevention stage. The lack of environmental awareness and control in compliance with the legislation were the main barriers detected. Tax incentives were considered as relevant instruments for management.

Resumo Embora na Colômbia tenha havido avanços em relação à gestão de resíduos das atividades de construção, em cidades como Villavicencio, não há estudos aprofundados sobre sua geração e gestão. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é identificar o estado atual, barreiras e instrumentos que possam ajudar a melhorar o gerenciamento de resíduos de construção e demolição nesta cidade. Para realizar o estudo, utilizou-se o método de observação e análise e o tipo de estudo descritivo. Para obter as informações, foi necessário fazer visitas e pesquisas às empresas de construção. Posteriormente, as informações coletadas foram examinadas por meio da análise multi-atributo e do software estatístico SSPS. Como resultado, obteve-se que as terras de escavação e o concreto são os resíduos mais gerados nas atividades de construção. Como medida para reduzir o desperdício e melhorar sua gestão, as empresas deram maior importância ao estágio de prevenção. A falta de conscientização e controle ambiental em conformidade com a legislação foram as principais barreiras detectadas. Os incentivos fiscais foram considerados instrumentos relevantes para a gestão.

Microbial and Functional Profile of the Ceca from Laying Hens Affected by Feeding Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics.

Diet has an essential influence in the establishment of the cecum microbial communities in poultry, so its supplementation with safe additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might improve animal health and performance. This study showed the ceca microbiome modulations of laying hens, after feeding with dry whey powder as prebiotics, Pediococcus acidilactici as probiotics, and the combination of both as synbiotics. A clear grouping of the samples induced per diet was observed (p < 0.05). Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified as Olsenella spp., and Lactobacillus crispatus increased their abundance in prebiotic and synbiotic treatments. A core of the main functions was shared between all metagenomes (45.5%), although the genes encoding for the metabolism of butanoate, propanoate, inositol phosphate, and galactose were more abundant in the prebiotic diet. The results indicated that dietary induced-changes in microbial composition did not imply a disturbance in the principal biological roles, while the specific functions were affected.

Rumination and social support as predictors of posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer: a systematic review / Ruminación y apoyo social como predictores del crecimiento postraumático en mujeres con cáncer de mama: una revisión sistemática

Objective: Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) is a perceived positive change after a stressful situation. Studies describe different predictors of PTG. The purpose of this study was to (1) review the evidence that rumination and social support are predictors of PTG; (2) analyze the results of the screened studies. Method: A systematic review was conducted by searching for articles with quantitative or mixed methods that evaluated PTG using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, rumination and/or social support in women with breast cancer. Results: Were identified twelve articles that corresponded to the inclusion criteria. All of them reported some degree of PTG in their samples. Rumination was evaluated in three studies, social support was evaluated in ten, and both were considered to have a positive correlation with PTG. Conclusions: This review concludes that rumination and social support are predictors of PTG in women with breast cancer. These results contribute to the development of new interventions in mental health

Objetivo: La preocupación por el cáncer está asociada con los comportamientos preventivos para la detección de esta enfermedad; sin embargo, no existe un instrumento con evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir este constructo en países latinoamericanos, entre ellos el Perú. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la validez basada en la estructura interna y fiabilidad de la Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) en una muestra de personas sin diagnóstico oncológico con historia familiar de cáncer. Método: Se contó con la participación de 215 personas sanas con historia familiar de cáncer que acudían al servicio de consulta externa de dos instituciones públicas y privadas de salud de la ciudad de Chimbote con una edad promedio de 42,10 años (DT = 14,05). Para el recojo de información se utilizó una ficha sociodemográfica ad hoc y la Cancer Worry Scale. Resultados: El modelo unidimensional presentó un buen ajuste de los datos (SBχ2 (8) = 14,39; SB χ2 / df = 1,79; CFI = 0,991; SRMR = 0,025; RMSEA = 0,061 [IC90%: 0,000 -0,111]; AIC = 47,701) y una confiabilidad adecuada (ωcorregido = 0,90; IC95%: 0,88-0,92). Conclusión: Se concluye que la CWS presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, siendo una medida que brinda interpretaciones válidas y fiables de la preocupación por el cáncer en el contexto peruano

Comparison of Mothur and QIIME for the Analysis of Rumen Microbiota Composition Based on 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequences.

Background: Microbiome studies need to analyze massive sequencing data, which requires the use of sophisticated bioinformatics pipelines. Up to date, several tools are available, although the literature is scarce on studies that compare the performance of different bioinformatics pipelines on rumen microbiota when 16S rRNA amplicons are analyzed. The impact of the pipeline on the outcome of the results is also unknown, mainly in terms of the output from studies using these tools as an intermediate phenotype (pseudophenotypes). This study compares two commonly used software (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) (QIIME) and mothur, and two microbial gene data bases (GreenGenes and SILVA) for 16S rRNA gene analysis, using metagenome read data collected from rumen content of a cohort of dairy cows. Results: We compared the relative abundance (RA) of the identified OTUs at the genus level. Both tools presented a high degree of agreement at identifying the most abundant genera: Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Methanobrevibacter, Prevotella, and Succiniclasticum (RA > 1%), regardless the database. There were no statistical differences between mothur and QIIME (P > 0.05) at estimating the overall RA of the most abundant (RA > 10%) genera, either using SILVA or GreenGenes. However, differences were found at RA < 10% (P < 0.05) when using GreenGenes as database, with mothur assigning OTUs to a larger number of genera and in larger RA for these less frequent microorganisms. With this database mothur resulted in larger richness (P < 0.05), more favorable rarefaction curves and a larger analytic sensitivity. These differences caused significant and relevant differences between tools at identifying the dissimilarity of microbiotas between pairs of animals. However, these differences were attenuated, but not erased, when SILVA was used as the reference database. Conclusion: The findings showed that the SILVA database seemed a preferred reference dataset for classifying OTUs from rumen microbiota. If this database was used, both QIIME and mothur produced comparable richness and diversity, and also in the RA of most common rumen microbes. However, important differences were found for less common microorganisms which impacted on the beta diversity calculated between pipelines. This may have relevant implications at studying global rumen microbiota.

Effects of repetitive exposure to anesthetics and analgesics in the Tg2576 mouse Alzheimer's model.

The use of anesthetics and sedatives has been suggested to be a contributor to Alzheimer's disease neuropathogenesis. We wanted to address the in vivo relevance of those substances in the Tg2576 Alzheimer's mouse model. Tg7526 mice were anesthesia-sedated for 90 min once a week for 4 weeks. Y maze, Congo Red, and amyloid beta (Aß) immunochemistry were performed. We did not find any significant change in the navigation behavior of the exposed mice compared to the controls. Significantly less deposition of Aß in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and frontal cortex of mice exposed to isoflurane, propofol, diazepam, ketamine, and pentobarbital was observed. In the dentate gyrus, Aß deposition was significantly greater in the group treated with pentobarbital. Congo Red staining evidenced significantly fewer fibrils in the cortex of mice exposed to diazepam, ketamine, or pentobarbital. The adopted repetitive exposure did not cause a significant detriment in Tg7526 mouse.

Isoflurane prevents learning deficiencies caused by brief hypoxia and hypotension in adult Sprague Dawley rats.

CONTEXT: Hypotension causes histologic changes in the hippocampal CA1 area, while behavior remains unchanged. We believe that an even stronger insult may also cause behavioral changes. OBJECTIVE: We used a rat hemorrhagic shock model plus temporary hypoxia to assess functional outcome at different time points post-injury. Our hypothesis is that the damage can be attenuated by the use of isoflurane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were subjected to brief hypotension. Animals were evaluated at different time points after receiving hypoxia and hypotension, with and without isoflurane treatment. RESULTS: The administration of isoflurane after the insult protected the animals from memory alterations. No histopatologic changes were found in any of the groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This observation suggests that in this model of hypotension plus hypoxia there is mild cerebral damage that is reflected by memory changes. Exposure to isoflurane after the insult can prevent the onset of memory deficits.

Hippocampal cellular loss after brief hypotension.

Brief episodes of hypotension have been shown to cause acute brain damage in animal models. We used a rat hemorrhagic shock model to assess functional outcome and to measure the relative neuronal damage at 1, 4 and 14 days post-injury (3 min of hypotension). All rats underwent a neurological assessment including motor abilities, sensory system evaluation and retrograde memory at post-hypotensive insult. Brains were harvested and stained for Fluorojade C and Nissl. Stereology was used to analyze Fluorojade C and Nissl stained brain sections to quantitatively detect neuronal damage after the hypotensive insult. Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism 5 with the Bonferroni test at a 95% confidence interval after ANOVA. A Mixed Effect Model was used for the passive avoidance evaluation. Stereologically counted fluorojade positive cells in the hippocampus revealed significant differences in neuronal cell injury between control rats and rats that received 3 min of hypotension one day after insult. Quantification of Nissl positive neuronal cells showed a significant decrease in the number hippocampal cells at day 14. No changes in frontal cortical cells were evident at any time, no significative changes in neurological assessments as well. Our observations show that brief periods of hemorrhage-induced hypotension actually result in neuronal cell damage in Sprague-Dawley rats even if the extent of neuronal damage that was incurred was not significant enough to cause changes in motor or sensory behavior.

Repetitive intraperitoneal caspase-3 inhibitor and anesthesia reduces neuronal damage.

Caspase inhibitors are usually administered intracranially. There's very limited evidence showing that they can be used intraperitoneally, and still have a beneficial effect. We tested the hypothesis that, during focal cerebral ischemia, caspase inhibitors when used in combination with an anesthetic agent results in a significantly reduction in the neuronal damage. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six different groups: control, Isoflurane, Propofol, Isoflurane and Caspase-3 inhibitor intraperitoneally (IP), propofol and Caspase-3 inhibitor IP and only caspase-3 inhibitor, during post-ischemia. Neurological evaluation and histochemical analysis was assessed post-ischemia. The treatment proposed, resulted in a significant decrease in the cerebral infarction volume. Combination of treatments, and caspase-3 inhibitor alone significantly decreased the number of TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 positive cells in the boundary area of cortical infarction. IP administration appears to reach cerebral targets similarly to intracerebral model. This combination reduces the neurological damage caused by focal cerebral ischemia.

Use of sodium chloride and zeolite during shipment of Ancistrus triradiatus under high temperature

The use of sodium chloride (0.5 g/L and 1 g/L) and zeolite (22.7 g/L) during shipment (48 h) of Ancistrus triradiatus at high temperatures (between 24.5 and 34ºC) were evaluated. Several water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and total ammonia) were measured before and after shipment. Glycemia was measured before shipment and at 24 and 48 h after shipment. After shipment, a resistance test was carried out in a high concentration of sodium chloride, and mortality was recorded after shipment, and 7 days post-shipment. While the two evaluated substances increased survival of A. triradiatus challenged by high temperatures during shipment, the best result was obtained with 1 g/L of sodium chloride.

O uso de cloreto de sódio (0,5 g/L e 1 g/L) e zeolita (22,7 g/L) foram avaliados durante o transporte (48 h) de Ancistrus triradiatus em altas temperaturas (entre 24,5 e 34ºC). Os seguintes parâmetros foram monitorados: pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade e amônia antes e depois do transporte. Também foi mensurada a concentração de glicose no sangue antes do transporte e 0, 24 e 48 h após o transporte. Foi realizado um teste de resistência a altas concentrações de cloreto de sódio após o transporte, sendo registrada a mortalidade no final do transporte e após 7 dias. As duas substâncias testadas aumentam a sobrevivência de A. triradiatus a altas temperaturas durante o transporte, porém o melhor resultado foi obtido com o uso de 1 g/L cloreto de sódio.

Especies de cándida en relación con el conteo de CD4 en pacientes con VIH-SIDA / Candida’s species in relation with CD4 counts in HIV-AIDS patients

ANTECEDENTES: La presencia de candidiasis oral en pacientes VIH(+) es frecuente cuando los conteos de CD4 se encuentran disminuidos provocando que el sistema inmune se encuentre incapacitado para responder ante microorganismos oportunistas como la candida; las diferentes especies de ésta que se encuentran en la flora oral en condiciones naturales son las causantes del desarrollo de candidiasis oral. OBJETIVO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional por medio del aislamiento de levaduras de candida para identificar cuál es la especie que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en los pacientes VIH(+) en relación con el conteo de células CD4. MÉTODOS: Se tomaron 45 pacientes divididos en 3 grupos de 15 pacientes según sus conteos de CD4, menores de 200 células/mm3, entre 201 y 499 células/mm3 y mayores de 500 células/mm3. Se realizó un isopado del dorso de la lengua de cada paciente y se cultivó en agar Cromocándida Becton B-Dickinsonâ. RESULTADOS: Luego de una semana se observó que el 29% de las muestras fueron positivas para crecimiento de levaduras, del total de estas el 68% fueron positivas para C. Albicans, el 19% C. Tropicalis y el 13% C. Krusei. Y el 54% se presentaron en pacientes con conteos de CD4 inferiores a las 200 células/ mm3, el 31% en el los pacientes con 201 y 499 células/ mm3 y el 15% en los pacientes con conteos superiores a las 500 células/ mm3. La especie de mayor frecuencia de aislamiento fue la C. Albicans y el crecimiento de las especies se encontró con mayor frecuencia en los pacientes con conteos de CD4 inferiores a las 200 células/mm3.

BACKGROUND: Oral candidiasis is common in HIV(+) patients when their CD4 counts are significantly diminished making the immune system incapable of answer to opportunistic microorganisms as candida, the different candida’s species that are normally found in oral flora in normal conditions are the causes for the development of oral candidiasis, PURPOSE: An in vitro study was made making an isolation of candida yeasts for the identification of the most common specie that is found in HIV(+) patients that attend the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Dental School in relation with their CD4 counts. 45 patients were chosen and assigned to 3 groups of 15 patients each according to their CD4 counts, less than 200 cells/mm3, between 201 and 499 cells/mm3 and more than 500 cells/mm3. A sample of plaque was taken from the tongue of each patient and was cultivated in Chromoagar Candida Becton B-dickinson® RESULTS: After a week, 29% of the samples were positive for yeasts growth, of these 68% were C. albicans, 19% C. tropicalis and 13% C. krusei. 54% were found in patients with their CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3, 31% in patients with CD4 between 201 and 499 cells/mm3 and 15% in those with more than 500 cells/mm3. The specie most frequently found in the isolations was C. albicans and the growth of the species was found with major frequency in those patients with their CD4 counts low to 200 cells/mm3.