ABSTRACT
"Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) cause outbreaks of gastroenteritis and are spread frequently through contaminated food or water. Molecular diagnostics now enables detecting viruses in clinical and environmental specimens, linking of NLV strains causing outbreaks in multiple geographic locations, and tracing them to their sources in contaminated food or water. This report reviews recent advances in NLV detection and provides guidelines and recommendations for investigating NLV-related outbreaks, including specimen collection and disease prevention and control. This report also updates information provided in CDC's previously published, Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis: Public Health Importance and Outbreak Management (MMWR 1990;39 [No. RR-5]: 1-24). These CDC recommendations are intended for public health professionals who investigate outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis but could be useful in academic and research settings as well.
Subject(s)
Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology , Caliciviridae Infections/prevention & control , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/prevention & control , Norovirus , Caliciviridae Infections/transmission , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Gastroenteritis/virology , Humans , Norovirus/isolation & purification , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
In September and October 1998, a cryptosporidiosis outbreak occurred on a Washington, DC, university campus. In a case-control study of 88 case patients and 67 control subjects, eating in 1 of 2 cafeterias was associated with diarrheal illness (P<.001). Morbidity was associated with eating dinner on 22 September (odds ratio, 8.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-19.5); weaker associations were found for 6 other meals. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in stool specimens of 16 (70%) of 23 ill students and 2 of 4 ill employees. One ill foodhandler with laboratory-confirmed C. parvum prepared raw produce on 20-22 September. All 25 Cryptosporidium isolates submitted for DNA analysis, including 3 from the ill foodhandler, were genotype 1. This outbreak illustrates the potential for cryptosporidiosis to cause foodborne illness. Epidemiologic and molecular evidence indicate that an ill foodhandler was the likely outbreak source.
Subject(s)
Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology , Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation & purification , Disease Outbreaks , Food Handling , Food Microbiology , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Case-Control Studies , Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology , Diarrhea/parasitology , District of Columbia/epidemiology , Feces/microbiology , Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology , Foodborne Diseases/parasitology , Humans , Students , Surveys and Questionnaires , UniversitiesABSTRACT
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is an uncommon disease manifestation characterized by the presence of air in the bowel wall. It is a benign condition that often responds to conservative management; however, it may be a harbinger of end stage disease, particularly in progressive systemic sclerosis. The authors report a case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis in the setting of mixed connective tissue disease that responded to conservative treatment. They review the current literature on pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, focusing on possible etiologies and potential therapies.
