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RESUMEN Objetivo: proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la etapa aguda del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico en EsSalud. Materiales y métodos: se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 8 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en Medline y Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials durante el 2018. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas y el flujograma de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 128-IETSI-ESSALUD-2019. Resultados: la presente GPC abordó 8 preguntas clínicas, divididas en cuatro temas: tamizaje, diagnóstico, tratamiento, soporte y rehabilitación. En base a estas preguntas se formularon 28 recomendaciones (8 fuertes y 20 condicionales), 38 puntos de buena práctica clínica, 1 nota de implementación y 2 flujogramas. Conclusión: el presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la etapa aguda del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico en EsSalud.
ABSTRACT Objective: to provide evidence based clinical recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of the acute stage of ischemic cerebrovascular accident in EsSalud. Materials and methods : a group for producing the guideline was conveyed, including specialized physicians and methodologists. The group prepared 8 clinical questions to be answered by the guideline. Systematic searches of previous reviews were performed, and - when it was deemed necessary - primary studies in Medline and the Cochrane Controlled Registry of Trials for 2018 were reviewed. Evidence was selected aiming to respond each one of the proposed clinical questions. Certainty of the evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work sessions, the group used GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and generated recommendations, good clinical practice items, and designed flow charts for both diagnosis and therapy. Finally, the guide was approved with the decree N° 128-IETSI-ESSALUD-2019. Results : this clinical practice guideline focused in 8 clinical questions, which were divided into four topics: screening, diagnosis, therapy, support and rehabilitation. On the basis of these questions, 28 recommendations were formulated (8 strong and 20 conditional), 38 items for good clinical practice, 1 implementation note, and 2 flow charts. Conclusion : this paper summarizes both evidence based methodology and conclusions from a new clinical practice guide for diagnosis and therapy of the acute stage of a cerebrovascular accident in EsSalud.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess rehabilitation infrastructure in Peru in terms of the World Health Organization (WHO) health systems building blocks. DESIGN: Anonymous quantitative survey; questions were based on the WHO's Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care and rehabilitation professionals' input. SETTING: Large public hospitals and referral centers and an online survey platform. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of hospital personnel working in rehabilitation and neurology (N=239), recruited through existing contacts and professional societies. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures were for 4 WHO domains: health workforce, health service delivery, essential medical products and technologies, and health information systems. RESULTS: Regarding the domain of health workforce, 47% of physical therapists, 50% of occupational therapists, and 22% of physiatrists never see inpatients. Few reported rehabilitative nurses (15%) or prosthetist/orthotists (14%) at their hospitals. Even at the largest hospitals, most reported ≤3 occupational therapists (54%) and speech-language pathologists (70%). At hospitals without speech-language pathologists, physical therapists (49%) or nobody (34%) perform speech-language pathology roles. At hospitals without occupational therapists, physical therapists most commonly (59%) perform occupational therapy tasks. Alternate prosthetist/orthotist task performers are occupational therapists (26%), physical therapists (19%), and physicians (16%). Forty-four percent reported interdisciplinary collaboration. Regarding the domain of health services, the most frequent inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation barriers were referral delays (50%) and distance/transportation (39%), respectively. Regarding the domain of health information systems, 28% reported rehabilitation service data collection. Regarding the domain of essential medical products and technologies, electrophysical agents (88%), gyms (81%), and electromyography (76%) were most common; thickened liquids (19%), swallow studies (24%), and cognitive training tools (28%) were least frequent. CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation emphasis is on outpatient services, and there are comparatively adequate numbers of physical therapists and physiatrists relative to rehabilitation personnel. Financial barriers seem low for accessing existing services. There appear to be shortages of inpatient rehabilitation, specialized services, and interdisciplinary collaboration. These may be addressed by redistributing personnel and investing in education and equipment for specialized services. Further examination of task sharing's role in Peru's rehabilitation services is necessary to evaluate its potential to address deficiencies.
Subject(s)
Allied Health Personnel/organization & administration , Quality of Health Care/organization & administration , Rehabilitation/organization & administration , Allied Health Personnel/standards , Delivery of Health Care/standards , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Equipment and Supplies/standards , Equipment and Supplies/statistics & numerical data , Health Information Systems/statistics & numerical data , Health Workforce/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Inpatients , Outpatients , Peru , Quality of Health Care/standards , Rehabilitation/standards , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
La monoparesia motora pura (MMP) es un déficit motor aislado en una extremidad, superior o inferior, producido por un evento vinculado a enfermedad cerebrovascular. Es un trastorno raro y podría confundirse con otras causas de déficit motor por lo que la diferenciación con otras etiologías se debe realizar a través de una adecuada evaluación clínica y de estudios de neuroimágenes. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 56 años de edad con antecedente de hipertensión arterial, que debuta súbitamente con una monoparesia motora pura braquial izquierda. En la IRM cerebral se evidenció hiperintensidad en los protocolos de FLAIR y difusión e hipointensidad en el coeficiente de difusión aparente (ADC) en el territorio de arteria cerebral media derecha, segmento M4, correspondiente al área prerolándica en la distribución somatotópica del miembro superior. Se discuten diferentes aspectos etiológicos y de tratamiento de este cuadro. En pacientes que presenten déficit motor agudo de una extremidad, con historia de factores de riesgo vascular, debe considerarse activamente la posibilidad diagnóstica de MMP.
The pure motor monoparesis (PMM) is an isolated motor deficit in an upper or lower extremity usually related to a cerebro-vascular disease. It is a rare condition that can be easily confounded with other pathologies, reason for which should be carefully differentiated through clinical assessment and neuroimaging studies. We report the case of a 56 year-old woman who suddenly presented pure left brachial monoparesis as a manifestation of a right middle cerebral artery stroke. Brain MRI showed a hyperintensity in FLAIR and diffusion protocols, and a subintensity in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the territory of M4 segment of the right middle cerebral artery, corresponding to the prerolandic area in the somatotopical distribution of the upper limb. Different etiologies of an management strategies for this condition are discussed. The diagnosis of PMM due to ischemic stroke should be considered in patients presenting an acute motor deficit in one extremity, braquial or crural, and with history of vascular risk factors.
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La enfermedad de Moyamoya es una patología caracterizada por la estenosis progresiva de la arteria carótida interna y sus ramas principales. Es de etiología desconocida, tiene como forma de presentación a la enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica o hemorrágica, siendo la primera más frecuente, y afecta en mayor proporción a niños y adultos jóvenes constituyendo un reto diagnóstico. Su presencia se confirma mediante la angiografía por sustracción digital (ASD) y el manejo es médico y/o quirúrgico, siendo el último el que se asocia a un mejor pronóstico. Comunicamos el caso de un paciente peruano de ascendencia japonesa, sin factores de riesgo, con una hemorragia intracraneal cuyo diagnóstico final fue enfermedad de Moyamoya...
Moyamoya disease is characterized by progressive stenosis of the internal carotid artery and its main branches. The cause of the disease is unknown, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke are the main manifestations (the former is more common) that disproportionately affect children and young adults, and is consider a diagnostic challenge. Its presence is confirmed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and the management may be medical or surgical, being the latter associated with a better prognosis. We report the case of a Peruvian male of Japanese ancestry without risk factors, with an intracranial hemorrhage who was finally diagnosed with Moyamoya disease...
Subject(s)
Young Adult , Moyamoya Disease , Moyamoya Disease/diagnosis , Moyamoya Disease/etiology , Moyamoya Disease/pathology , Moyamoya Disease/therapy , PeruABSTRACT
Objetivos: Explorar los factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con infarto cerebral que fueron hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto cerebral hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, durante Enero del 2008 hasta Diciembre del 2009. Se describen las variables demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes, además se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística para explorar los factores asociados a mortalidad en los pacientes. Resultados: Se analizaron 461 historias clínicas de pacientes con infarto cerebral. El promedio de edad fue de 67 años, el 56% fueron hombres. La mortalidad fue del 7,6%, IC 95% (5,3-10,4); los factores asociados a mortalidad que tuvieron significancia estadística fueron: el déficit sensitivo OR=2,7, cefalea OR=2,75, trastorno de conciencia OR=12, escala NIHSS al ingreso OR=1,25 y el territorio vascular anterior OR=2,65. Conclusiones: en éste estudio exploratorio los factores asociados a mortalidad intrahospitalaria por infarto cerebral fueron la presencia de déficit sensitivo, cefalea, pérdida de conciencia, déficit neurológico severo y territorio vascular de la circulación anterior.
Objectives: To explore associated factors to mortality of patients with cerebral infarction. Methods: We reviewed clinical records of patients with diagnosis of cerebral infarction hospitalized at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, January 2008 to December 2010. We describe the demographic and clinical variables. In addition, the logistic regression model was used to determine the factors associated with mortality in these patients. Results: We reviewed clinical records of 461 patients with brain infarction. The median age was 67 years and 56% were men. We calculated a ratio of 7.6% dead, 95% IC (5.3-10.4); the factors significantly associated are the sensitive deficit OR = 2.7, headache OR = 2.75, consciousness disorder OR = 12, NIHSS scale OR = 1.25 and anterior vascular territory OR = 2.65. Conclusions: in this exploratory study factors associated with mortality by cerebral infarction were the presence of sensitive deficit, headache, loss of consciousness, severe neurological deficit and vascular territory of the anterior circulation.
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Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados a mortalidad de pacientes con infarto cerebral que fueron hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Método: Se estudiaron a los pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto cerebral hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, durante Enero del 2008 hasta Diciembre del 2010. Se describen las variables demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes, además se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística para determinar los factores asociados a mortalidad en los pacientes. Resultados: Se analizaron 461 pacientes, que presentaron una media de edad de 67 años, el 56 por ciento fueron hombres. Se calculó una proporción de muertos del 7.6 por ciento, IC 95 por ciento (5.3-10.4); las factores asociados significativamente son: el déficit sensitivo OR=2.7, cefalea OR=2.75, trastorno de conciencia OR=12, Escala NIHSS al ingreso OR=1.25 y el territorio vascular anterior OR=2.65. Conclusiones: Los factores asociados a mortalidad por infarto cerebral fueron la presencia de déficit sensitivo, cefalea, pérdida de conciencia, déficit neurológico severo y territorio vascular de la circulación anterior. No se demostró la asociación con mortalidad de los factores de riesgo vascular clásicos ni los subtipos etiológicos con el infarto cerebral.
Objective: Determine factors associated with mortality of patients with Ischemic stroke. Methods: We studied patients with diagnosis of Ischemic stroke hospitalized at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, January 2008 to December 2010. We describe the demographic and clinical variables. In addition, the logistic regression model was used to determine the factors associated with mortality in these patients. Results: We report 461 patients, median age was 67 years, 56 per cent were men. We calculated a ratio of 7.6 per cent dead, 95 per cent IC (5.3-10.4); the factors significantly associated are the sensitive deficit OR=2.7, headache OR=2.75, consciousness disorder OR=12, NIHSS scale OR=1.25 and anterior vascular territory OR=2.65. Conclusions: Factors associated with mortality by Ischemic stroke were the presence of sensitive deficit, headache, loss of consciousness, severe neurological deficit and vascular territory of the anterior circulation. No association was found between classical vascular risk factors or etiologic subtypes to Ischemic stroke mortality.
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Stroke/complications , Cerebral Infarction/epidemiology , Cerebral Infarction/mortality , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objetivos: Analizar la factibilidad de obtener una muestra adecuada para el citodiagnóstico durante la menstruación, utilizando la técnica de tomar la muestra cuando el cuello del útero luzca limpio, luego de retirar el flujo menstrual de su superficie. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, de correlación, de medidas repetidas. Participantes: Mujeres en edad reproductiva. Métodos: Participaron 389 mujeres que acudieron a cuatro hospitales de la región Lima Sur, de quienes se colectó 208 pares de muestras de Papanicolaou: una muestra correspondió al periodo menstrual y otra sin menstruación. La muestra durante la menstruación se obtuvo luego de limpiar suavemente la superficie del cuello uterino con un algodón seco y de esperar a que no hubiera pulso de flujo menstrual a través del os exocervical. Las muestras fueron analizadas separadamente por dos anatomopatólogas. Principales medidas de resultados: Adecuación de las muestras para Papanicolaou tomadas durante la menstruación. Resultados: En dos hospitales en donde las muestras fueron tomadas por personal sensibilizado y entrenado en la técnica, se halló que las muestras con y sin menstruación eran adecuadas para estudio citológico, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ellas (p < 0,005). En los otros dos hospitales, en donde las muestras fueron tomadas mayormente por personal sin entrenamiento, se halló que 75 por ciento de las muestras tomadas durante la menstruación correspondía a extendido hemorrágico, no adecuadas para el estudio del Papanicolaou, habiendo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre muestras adecuadas con menstruación y sin menstruación (p < 0,005). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos nos permiten concluir para este estudio que es posible tomar una muestra adecuada para análisis del Papanicolaou durante la menstruación, si el personal de salud conoce cómo obtener una muestra sin sangre menstrual y está motivado. Este procedimiento puede incrementar el acceso a medidas de prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino.
Objectives: To analyze adequate Papanicolaou obtention feasibility during menstruation by thoroughly and softly cleaning the uterine cervix from blood before securing the sample. Design: Correlation prospective study of repeated measurements. Participants: Women in reproductive age. Methods: Three hundred and eighty nine women attending four Lima South region hospitals participated in the study; analysis was done in 208 of them after obtaining a pair of Papanicolaou smears from each woman corresponding to their menstrual and non menstrual periods. The smear taken during menstruation was collected after careful and soft cleaning of the uterine cervix and waiting for absence of menstrual pulse through the cervical os. Two pathologists studied the smears separately. Main outcome measures: Adequacy of Papanicolaou samples obtained during menstruation. Results: Smear samples from menstrual and non menstrual periods were adequate for cytodiagnosis and showed no significant statistical difference (p< 0.005) in two hospitals where health providers had been trained and motivated. In the other two hospitals, where most of the samples were collected by health providers without training, 75 per cent of the smears were obscured by hemorrhagic tissue, inadequate for Papanicolaou cytodiagnosis. There was significant statistical difference between samples obtained with menstruation and without menstruation (p < 0.005). Conclusions: It is possible to obtain an adequate sample for Papanicolaou study during menstruation provided health personnel knows the technique to obtain a smear without blood and is motivated to do so. This procedure can increase access to preventive measures for uterine cervix cancer control.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Cytodiagnosis , Cervix Uteri , Vaginal Smears , Menstruation , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Abdominal procedures have been performed for a long time through the anterior abdominal wall. Since the first reports in the 1980s, laparoscopy has become the standard for cholecystectomy, with many advantages over open procedures. Now a natural-orifice approach to the peritoneal cavity may further reduce the invasiveness of surgery by either diminishing or avoiding abdominal incisions. Several orifice routes to the abdominal cavity have been described: transgastric, transvaginal, transvesical, and transcolonic. Although most experiences with the porcine model showed the possibility of these approaches, few surgeons reported experiences with humans. The authors present their complete early experience with transgastric (TG) and transvaginal (TV) cholecystectomies in human beings. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients (4 males and 35 females) underwent hybrid NOTES procedures from January 2007 to January 2009. The mean age was 46 years (range = 19-83). The body mass index ranged from 20 to 41 and ASA was I-II. Transgastric (TG) cholecystectomy was performed in 27 patients and 12 patients had a transvaginal (TV) cholecystectomy. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 140 min. Although operative times were slightly shorter in the TG group 005B137 +/- 34.6 min (range = 75-195)] compared to the TV route [147 +/- 31.5 min (range = 95-220)], there were no significant differences between the two groups (p = 0.5, Mann-Whitney U test). Patients were started on liquids within 1 h and discharged 2 h later, except the last 11 TG patients, who went home 24 h later because of enrollment in a separate protocol. An overall 20% morbidity rate and no mortality were found. The complication rates for the TG and TV groups were 18% (5/27) and 25% (3/12), respectively, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.6, chi(2) test). Seventy-five percent of complications (6/8) occurred the first year and 25% (2/8) during the second year of our experience. CONCLUSION: Transgastric and transvaginal cholecystectomies are feasible. Although these NOTES procedures were laparoscopically assisted and current flexible endoscopes were used, it seems possible that major intra-abdominal surgeries may one day be performed without skin incisions. However, a learning curve is mandatory and, although there were no major bile duct injuries, there were NOTES-related complications. These trends toward incisionless surgery demand coordinated research in an interdisciplinary setting involving both surgeons and device manufacturers to further define appropriate indications, contraindications, and applications for natural-orifice surgery.
