Efficiency of a Sensory-Adapted Dental Environment Versus Regular Dental Environment in Neurotypically Healthy Children: A Parallel-Arm Interventional Study.

Introduction The basic principle of a sensory adaptive dental environment is that an individual's sensory experiences have a significant impact on their emotional and psychological well-being. Taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight are the five basic senses that affect our perception and responses to the environment. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a Sensory-Adaptive Dental Environment (SADE) compared with a Regular Dental Environment (RDE) in reducing anxiety, improving behavior, and providing a smooth experience for children undergoing dental treatment. Materials and methods  This parallel-arm pilot study was conducted at the outpatient Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, from January 2024 to March 2024. A total of 148 children who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups: Group I (intervention group) received SADE or MSE (Multi-Sensory Environment) intervention, while Group 2 (control group) underwent dental treatments in a Regular Dental Environment (RDE). Patient behavior was assessed using Frankl's behavior rating scale, and anxiety levels were measured using Ayesha's Oddbodd anxiety scale. Additionally, heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were evaluated using a pulse oximeter. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with significance set at a p-value less than 0.05. Results Before the procedure, there were no notable differences in behavior or anxiety levels. However, after the procedure, children undergoing treatment under SADE resulted in markedly improved behavior and notably lower anxiety levels. Also, this correlated with reduced anxiety levels, indicated by lower heart rates and higher oxygen saturation levels. Conclusion The study concluded that there were notable differences in patient experiences between SADE and RDE. After their dental procedures, participants in the SADE group were found to behave better and feel less nervous. Still, in the conventional setting, only improved behavior was noted, with no significant difference in anxiety levels. Overall, our study suggests that dental offices can significantly enhance patient experiences by providing a sensory-friendly setting that helps children feel more at ease, improves patient outcomes, and less nervous during their visits.

Rehabilitation Based on BCI: An Innovative Enhancement for Sensorimotor Cortex Rhythms Systemization.

The research proposes a novel strategy for categorizing electroencephalograms (EEG) in real-time brain-computer interfaces that have rehabilitation applications. The methodology utilizes Five Cross-Common Spatial Patterns (FCCSP) to develop a motor movement/imagery systemization model that extracts multi-domain characteristics with excellent performance. The goal is to eliminate the impact caused by EEG's nonstationarity. The article highlights the findings of a real-time technique that is incorporated into a comprehensive prediction system, and it offers an innovative method to boost accuracy in real-time Sensory-Motor cortex Rhythms (SMR). The accuracy increased from 57.14% using raw EEG to 85.71% after preprocessing, and from 58.08% to 97.94% in public domain SMR. The proposed Butterworth bandpass filter is optimized using the FCCSP to determine the ideal bandwidth that incorporates the whole EEG features in beta waves. The Hybrid Systemization of the Correlated Feature Removal classifier is then integrated with the FCCSP method to create improved predictive models. As a consequence, while applied to real-time and PhysioNet datasets, the outcome system achieved outstanding accuracy values of 85.71% and 97.94%, respectively. This demonstrates the robustness of the strategy to increase SMR prediction efficiency.

Hypocholesterolemic potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KAVK1 modulates lipid accumulation on 3T3-L1 adipose cells and high fat diet-induced obese rat model.

The significance of microorganisms occurring in foods is predominantly targeted due to their application for identifying a novel range of the bacterial spectrum. Diverse microbial species are capable of exhibiting potential pharmacological activities like antimicrobial and anticancer. Microbial strains capable of reducing obesity-related syndromes have also been reported. In the present study, the hypocholesterolemic efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from dairy products was scrutinised by in vitro (3T3-L1 adipose cells) and in vivo (high-fat diet-induced obese Wistar albino rats) methods. Potential cholesterol-lowering isolates were screened using a plate assay method and optimised by physical parameters. Molecular identification of the topmost five cholesterol-lowering isolates was acquired by amplification of the 16 S rRNA gene region. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain KAVK1, followed by strains KAVK2, KAVK3, KAVK4, and KAVK5 were molecularly determined. Further, cholesterol-lowering strains degraded the spectral patterns determined by the side chain of a cholesterol molecule. The anti-lipase activity was demonstrated using the porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory method and compared with the reference compound Atorvastatin. Lyophilised strain KAVK1 revealed maximum pancreatic lipase inhibition. Strain KAVK1 attenuated lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipose cell line predicted by Oil Red O staining method. Significant reduction of body weight and change in lipid profile was recognised after the supplement of KAVK1 to obese rats. Histopathological changes in organs were predominantly marked. The result of this study implies that the cholesterol-lowering B. amyloliquefaciens KAVK1 strain was used to treat hypercholesterolemia.

Early detection of emerging persistent perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) along the east coast of India.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are resistant to breakdown and are now considered global contaminants. However, interest in these recalcitrant compounds among scientists and legislators has grown significantly in recent years. In the present study, we analyzed the level of PFOA and PFOS contamination in surface water from the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. After solid phase extraction, 49 samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LOD ≤ 1.5 ng L-1). The PFOA and PFOS present in all samples at the highest concentration were found in the Ennore coastal region (reaching a maximum of 24.8 ng L-1 and 13.9 ng L-1 in CH-6 and CH-14 respectively). Similarly, on the West Bengal coast, concentrations of PFOA ranged from <1.5 to 14.0 ng L-1 and <1.3 to 8.2 ng g-1 in water and sediment respectively. PFOS concentrations in water and sediment ranged from <1.2 to 9.0 ng L-1 and <1.2 to 7.9 ng g-1, respectively. According to the principal component analysis, the majority of the variances (65.04 %) show a positive association, which points to industrial and domestic discharges as significant point sources of these compounds. The results from this study could be used to determine and understand the levels of PFOA and PFOS contamination along the Indian Coast as well as provide baseline information for imminent monitoring investigations. The environmental occurrences of PFOA and PFOS reported in the current study would allow policymakers to take appropriate measures to safeguard coastal ecosystems or reduce the likelihood of contamination, creating a sustainable and healthy environment.

Technical solutions for waste classification and management: A mini-review.

The massive growth of population coupled with urbanization over the years has created a significant challenge of increase in waste generation. India has achieved massive developmental growth in economic and social areas but still lacks a proper waste management system. The lack of knowledge about segregation of waste into different categories and proper disposal techniques in a country like India with an accelerated population growth is a critical issue. Since trash has different disposal techniques, according to its type, segregating waste through an automated process at the point of collection will streamline the process and result in effective waste management and utilization. The mini-review article evaluates the recent literature on technologies used for municipal waste segregation and management, with the motive of providing critical information for advancement in current research. This article reviews the use of various convolutional neural network architectures for waste classification and describes in detail as to why image processing methods are preferred over sensors for segregation into respective categories. It is also important to have an efficient waste monitoring and management system for proper disposal. A comprehensive mini-review was undertaken to understand internet of things-based models proposing efficient waste handling, from the perspective of reduced costs, collection time and optimized routes. The proposed systems were compared and evaluated based on the sensors used monitoring, microcontrollers and communication protocols such as Long Range, Global System for Mobile Communication, Zigbee and Wi-Fi, which are employed for the secure and efficient data transmission.

Synthesis, structure and luminescence properties of bifunctional KCaF3 phosphor influenced by incorporating Eu3+ ions for solid state lighting and TL dosimetry applications.

Europium doped KCaF3 phosphors (KCaF3:Eu3+) were prepared using various concentrations of Eu3+ by conventional solid-state reaction process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the formation of orthorhombic structured KCaF3:Eu3+ phosphors. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of the synthesized phosphor exhibits agglomerated particles with irregular shapes. The composition of the synthesized sample was determined by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum and elemental mapping showed the homogeneous dispersion of Eu3+ ions into the synthesized KCaF3:Eu3+ phosphor. The emission peak intensity at 594 nm from photoluminescence (PL) spectra was found to increase with the increase of Eu3+ concentrations from 0.02 mol% to 0.06 mol% and decreased with the further increase of Eu3+ concentration up to 0.1 mol%. CIE1931 chromaticity diagram coordinates (x, y) of KCaF3:(0.06 mol%) Eu3+ phosphors were positioned in the reddish-orange region (x = 0.5736, y = 0.4224). Photoluminescence property confirms the suitability of KCaF3:Eu3+ phosphors for Solid state lighting application. X-ray induced luminescence (radioluminescence, RL) is recorded for KCaF3:Eu3+ phosphors showing the characteristic emission of Eu2+ and Eu3+. ESR study on KCaF3:Eu3+ phosphors confirm the presence of Eu2+ ions. Beta irradiated thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve of Eu3+ doped KCaF3 phosphors is measured and deconvoluted using Gaussian fitting. TL kinetic parameters like activation energy (Ea) and frequency factor (s) are calculated for all the deconvoluted peaks using peak shape method which shows the synthesized KCaF3:Eu3+ phosphors is suitable for dosimetry application.

Role of biostimulants in mitigating the effects of climate change on crop performance.

Climate change is a critical yield-limiting factor that has threatened the entire global crop production system in the present scenario. The use of biostimulants in agriculture has shown tremendous potential in combating climate change-induced stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature stress, etc. Biostimulants are organic compounds, microbes, or amalgamation of both that could regulate plant growth behavior through molecular alteration and physiological, biochemical, and anatomical modulations. Their nature is diverse due to the varying composition of bioactive compounds, and they function through various modes of action. To generate a successful biostimulatory action on crops under different parameters, a multi-omics approach would be beneficial to identify or predict its outcome comprehensively. The 'omics' approach has greatly helped us to understand the mode of action of biostimulants on plants at cellular levels. Biostimulants acting as a messenger in signal transduction resembling phytohormones and other chemical compounds and their cross-talk in various abiotic stresses help us design future crop management under changing climate, thus, sustaining food security with finite natural resources. This review article elucidates the strategic potential and prospects of biostimulants in mitigating the adverse impacts of harsh environmental conditions on plants.

Spray-Deposited Rare Earth Metal Ion (Sm3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, La3+)-Doped CdO Thin Films for Enhanced Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Characteristics.

This study shows the electrical conductivity-dependent gas sensing characteristics of spray-deposited rare earth (RE) metal ion (Sm3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, La3+)-doped cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films on soda-lime microscope glass substrates at 300 °C. We examined the deposited films' structural, surface microstructural, DC electrical, and gas sensing features. The X-ray diffraction study indicates that all samples were polycrystalline, with the favored growth direction shifting from the (111) plane to the (200) plane. The highest root-mean-square values were obtained for the Pr-doped CdO thin film (5.86 nm). The surface microstructure of CdO thin films was significantly influenced by the RE metal ion dopant, with typical grain size values ranging from 64 nm to 134 nm depending on the dopant. The carrier concentration and resistivity of CdO films vary based on the RE metal ions used as dopants. Low resistivity (3.01 × 10-4 Ω.cm) was achieved for the CdO thin film doped with La. High gas sensitivity (71.42%) was achieved for CdO thin films doped with La. The donor dopant regulated the electrical conductivity and gas sensing capabilities of CdO thin films.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics Consensus Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents.

JUSTIFICATION: Suicide is an important cause of adolescent mortality and morbidity in India. As pediatricians are often the first point of contact for adolescents and their families in the healthcare system, they need guidelines to screen, assess, manage and prevent adolescent suicidal behavior to ensure survival, health and mental well-being of this vulnerable population. OBJECTIVES: To formulate guidelines to aid pediatricians for prevention and management of adolescent suicidal behavior. PROCESS: Indian Academy of Pediatrics, in association with Adolescent Health Academy, formed a multidisciplinary committee of subject experts in June, 2019 to formulate guidelines for adolescent suicide prevention and management. After a review of current scientific literature and preparation of draft guidelines, a national consultative meeting was organized on 16 August, 2019 for detailed discussions and deliberations. This was followed by refining of draft guidelines, and discussions over e-mail where suggestions were incorporated and the final document was approved. GUIDELINES: Pediatricians should screen for mental distress, mental disorders and suicidal and para-suicidal (non-suicidal self-injury) behavior during adolescent health visits. Those with suicidal behavior should be referred to a psychiatrist after providing emergency healthcare, risk assessment, immediate counselling and formulation of a safety plan. Pediatricians should partner with the community and policymakers for primary and secondary prevention of adolescent suicide.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics Consensus Guidelines for Adolescent Friendly Health Services.

JUSTIFICATION: Adolescent health is critical to the current and future well- being of the world. Pediatricians need country specific guidelines in accordance with international and national standards to establish comprehensive adolescent friendly health services in clinical practice. PROCESS: Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) in association with Adolescent Health Academy formed a committee of subject experts in June, 2019 to formulate guidelines for adolescent friendly health services. After a review of current scientific literature and drafting guidelines on each topic, a national consultative meeting was organized on 16 August, 2019 for detailed discussions and deliberations. This was followed by discussions over e-mail and refining of draft recommendations. The final guidelines were approved by the IAP Executive Board in December, 2021. OBJECTIVE: To formulate guidelines to enable pediatricians to establish adolescent friendly health services. Recommendations: Pediatricians should coordinate healthcare for adolescents and plan for transition of care to an adult physician by 18 years of age. Pediatricians should establish respectful, confidential and quality adolescent friendly health services for both out-patient and in-patient care. The healthcare facility should provide preventive, therapeutic, and health promoting services. Pediatricians should partner with the multidisciplinary speciality services, community, and adolescents to expand the scope and reach of adolescent friendly health services.

A Comparative Study of Squash Smear Cytology Diagnosis and Radiological Diagnosis with Histopathology in Central Nervous System Lesions.

Background: Space occupying lesions (SOLs) of central nervous system (CNS) constitutes important cause of neurological morbidity and mortality. Squash cytology is technically a simple and rapid intraoperative diagnostic tool. Radiology is supportive of histopathological diagnosis. Objectives: To enumerate the histopathological patterns of various central nervous system (CNS) lesions, to correlate cytopathological diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis, and to correlate radiological diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study of CNS lesion cases from January 2015 to August 2018. Cytological-histopathological concordance and radiological-histopathological concordance were calculated. Chi-square test was the statistical tool used for statistical analysis. Results: Histopathological diagnosis of 50 cases included neoplastic lesions (42 cases [84%]) and non-neoplastic lesions (8 cases [16%]). Correct diagnosis was achieved by squash cytology in 36 cases (72%) and radiological diagnosis in 25 cases (50%) by complete concordance. However, diagnostic accuracy of squash and radiology improved considerably by 90% and 76%, respectively, after applying partial concordance criteria. For the detection of neoplastic lesions, squash cytology had 98% and radiology had 80% diagnostic efficacy. Conclusion: Preoperative radiological investigation and intraoperative squash smear cytology are complementary to each other. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for the management of patients.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics Revised Guidelines on School Reopening: First Revision, September 2021.

JUSTIFICATION: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected schooling for more than 24 crores students, since March 2020. Students need a respite from the long standing social isolation so that they regain their chance to develop holistically, but after the devastating effects of the second wave, the administrators as well as parents are skeptical about the decision of school reopening. PROCESS: The Indian Academy of Pediatrics constituted a task force comprising of national and international experts in the field who deliberated on the issue. OBJECTIVES: To bring out scientifically supported guidelines on the prerequisites of opening and attending the schools, in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic. RECOMMENDATIONS: The task force recommends i) Decentralization of the school reopening decision; ii)Three epidemiological parameters, case positivity rate (<5 or steadily declining number of cases for past two weeks), number of new cases(<20 per lakh population per day for past two weeks) and vaccination coverage (>60% of the vaccine-eligible population) to be met at the local level, before the schools reopen; and iii) Criteria regarding health and vaccination to be met by the schoolattendees.

Study of Risk factors and treatment modalities of ectopic pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: In the past two decades globally, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has been increasing exponentially. One of the major triggering factors being the introduction of medical assisted procreation techniques. The present study emphasis more on clinical presentations, risk factors, associated maternal morbidity and mortality with respect to ectopic pregnancy. METHODOLOGY: Patients diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy in reproductive age group (15-44 years) after clinical examination and investigations during one year period were included in the study. It was a prospective study using contingency table analysis and Chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients were diagnosed and treated as ectopic pregnancy during the study period. Risk factors were found in 37 patients, of which most common were white discharge per vagina (WDPV) in 20 and tubectomy in 6 patients. PID was seen in 5 and no risk factors in 5 patients. Of the 42 patients, 37 underwent surgery as primary modality of treatment and 5 patients underwent medical management. Only 2 patients had complete resolution with medical management while 3 failed medical management. Post operative period was uneventful. CONCLUSION: As the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has been on the rise, screening of high risk cases, early diagnosis and early intervention are required to enhance maternal survival and conservation of reproductive capacity.

Rabies encephalitis in a preschool child following postexposure prophylaxis.

We report a case of rabies encephalitis in a 4½-year-old male child with an exposure to a suspect rabid dog. The child developed rabies 25 days after receiving postexposure prophylaxis. Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) is currently administered according to body weight. In high-risk exposures over the head and neck, local administration of RIG over and above the body weight depending on the site, size, and severity of exposure may help to prevent rabies death. There is a need for further studies to generate new evidence in this regard.

Chemical profiling of selected Ayurveda formulations recommended for COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the global health concern since December 2019. It has become a big challenge for the researchers to find a solution for this newly evolved pandemic. In Ayurveda point of view, COVID-19 is a Janapadodhwamsa vikara (epidemic disease), a situation where the environment-air, water, land, and seasons-is vitiated, causing a simultaneous manifestation of a disease among large populations. The aim of this study is to identify the active compounds of selected Ayurveda medicines recommended for COVID-19. RESULTS: The selected preparations are traditionally recommended for the management of various kinds of fever including the infectious ones and to enhance the immunity. HPTLC analysis of the same showed presence of many active molecules like umbelliferone, scopoletin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, piperine, curcumin, berberine, and palmatine. CONCLUSION: The study provided valuable scientific data regarding the active ingredients of the selected medicines with proven therapeutic potentials like anti-viral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Indian classical music with incremental variation in tempo and octave promotes better anxiety reduction and controlled mind wandering-A randomised controlled EEG study.

Studies have reported the benefits of music-listening in stress-reduction using musical pieces of specific scale or 'Raaga'. But the influence of lower-level musical properties (like tempo, octave, timbre, etc.) lack research backing. Carnatic music concerts use incremental modulations in tempo and octave (e.g.: 'Ragam-Tanam-Pallavi') to elevate the mood of audiences. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the anxiolytic effect of this musical property. A randomised controlled cross-over study with 21 male undergraduate medical students was followed. 11 participants listened to 'Varying music' (VM: instrumental music with incremental variations in tempo and octave) and 10 listened to 'Stable music' (SM: instrumental music without such variations), thrice daily for 6 days, both clips recorded in Raaga-Kaapi and silence being the control intervention. Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electrocardiography (for heart rate variability or HRV) were done on all 6 days. Beck's Anxiety inventory and State-trait anxiety scale were administered on Day-1 and Day-6. A significant anxiety score reduction was seen only in VM. VM showed marked decrease in lower frequency EEG power in bilateral temporo-parieto-occipital regions compared to silence, whereas SM showed increase in higher frequencies. Relatively, VM showed more midline power reduction (i.e., lower default mode network or DMN activity) and SM showed greater left-dominant alpha/beta asymmetry (i.e., greater right brain activation). During both music interventions HRV remained stable, unlike silence intervention. We speculate that, gradual transition between lower-slower and higher-faster music portions of VM induces a 'controlled-mind wandering' state involving balanced switching between heightened mind wandering ('attention to self') and reduced mind wandering ('attention to music') states, respectively. Therefore, music-selection has remarkable influence on stress-management and warrants further research.

Degradation, wettability and surface characteristics of laser surface modified Mg-Zn-Gd-Nd alloy.

This work evaluates the effects of laser surface modification on Mg-Zn-Gd-Nd alloy which is a potential biodegradable material for temporary bone implant applications. The laser surface melted (LSM) samples were investigated for microstructure, wettability, surface hardness and in vitro degradation. The microstructural study was carried out using scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM, TEM) and the phases present were analyzed using X-ray diffraction. The in vitro degradation behaviour was assessed in hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) by immersion corrosion technique and the effect of LSM process parameters on the wettability was analyzed through contact angle measurements. The microstructural examination showed remarkable grain refinement as well as uniform redistribution of intermetallic phases throughout the matrix after LSM. These microstructural changes increased the hardness of LSM samples with an increase in energy density. The wetting behaviour of processed samples showed hydrophilic nature when processed at lower (12.5 and 17.5 J/mm2) and intermediate energy density (22.5 and 25 J/mm2), which can potentially improve cell-materials interaction. The corrosion rate of as cast Mg-Zn-Gd-Nd alloy decreased by ~83% due to LSM.

Evaluation of nonlinear optical properties from molecular descriptors of benzimidazole metal complexes by principal component analysis.

In the present work, semiempirical quantum chemical method (PM6) has been used for the simulation of molecular descriptors of first row transition metal ions incorporated benzimidazole metal complexes. Metal complexes with and without substituents are considered for the analysis. In both the cases, molecules show distinct properties with respect to the molecular descriptors. Since the dimension of the data set is large, principal component analysis has been used and the obtained principal components, PCA1 and PCA2, are linearly regressed with hyperpolarizability values. The obtained results indicate that molecular energy plays a dominant role in the nonlinear optical properties of benzimidazole metal complexes. Further, it is observed that the bond angle, global hardness and heat of formation of the molecules have considerable impact on the hyperpolarizability values.

Soft Tissue Changes Following Combined Anterior Segmental Bimaxillary Orthognathic Procedures.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To analyze the soft tissue response in patients treated by combined anterior segmental bimaxillary procedures. METHODS: A  Prospective, observational and analytical study was carried out for a period of 2 years involving 37 patients with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria; lateral cephalograms were taken by the same operator on the standardized unit immediately before and 6 months after surgery; hard and soft tissue landmarks were measured in millimeters to both horizontal and vertical reference lines; any differences in distances were recorded as a surgical change; appropriate statistical test was carried; level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: All patients underwent anterior maxillary osteotomy with 34 anterior mandibular osteotomies, 2 advancement genioplasties and 1 reduction genioplasty. Analysis showed significant angular, horizontal and vertical change. The significant differences in skeletal variables were observed in N-Pg distance, overjet, overbite, U1-NF angle, L1-Mp angle and soft tissue variables like labiomental angle, upper-lower lip protrusion, upper-lower lip length and lower incisor to labrale inferius distance. Nasolabial angle, interlabial gap and upper incisor exposure were extremely significant. CONCLUSION: Soft tissue response to surgery is perhaps more predictable after 6 months, so this may be a treatment modality of choice in adult bimaxillary/dentoalveolar protrusion patients who need instant esthetic facial results.

An exploratory study on violence among the college students in Urban Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Violence often blights people's lives for decades, leading to drug addiction, depression, suicide, school dropout, unemployment, and recurrent relationship difficulties. This exploratory study was conducted among professional degree colleges in urban Bengaluru from January to March 2017; the objectives were to find the magnitude, forms, and substance use in violence. A total of 450 students were studied. One hundred and twenty-three (27.3%) students experienced some kind of violence in the past 1 year and 77 (62.6%) were males. Verbal abuse (65.0%), pushing around (23.6%), and slapping (18.7%) were common forms of violence observed. Substance use was significantly associated with violence.