Subject(s)
Constipation/diagnostic imaging , Constipation/physiopathology , Defecation , Defecography/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Image Enhancement/methods , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods , Middle Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificitySubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Chickens/metabolism , Coccidiostats/pharmacology , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Liver/enzymology , Monensin/pharmacology , Turkeys/metabolism , Animal Feed , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Coccidiostats/administration & dosage , Diterpenes/administration & dosage , Diterpenes/pharmacology , Drug Combinations , Enzyme Induction , Female , Liver/drug effects , Male , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Monensin/administration & dosage , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
In this review, the pharmacological effects of administering hypertonic solutions to both healthy animals and during experimentally induced diseases are considered with a view to understanding the mechanisms behind the possible clinical efficacy of such treatment. The review focuses successively on haemorrhagic shock, endotoxic shock and hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. How hypertonic saline solutions affect oxygen transport by haemoglobin is also considered.
Subject(s)
Alkalosis/veterinary , Animal Diseases/therapy , Saline Solution, Hypertonic/therapeutic use , Shock, Hemorrhagic/veterinary , Shock, Septic/veterinary , Alkalosis/therapy , Animal Diseases/physiopathology , Animals , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena , Hemoglobins/physiology , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy , Shock, Septic/therapy , Urinary Tract Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
The various sulphonamides show marked differences in disposition characteristics after administration to ruminants. For use in combination with a diaminopyrimidine derivative such as trimethoprim or baquiloprim, it is essential that a sulphonamide has similar pharmacokinetic properties in order to obtain optimal synergy. In the present study the pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole, sulphatroxazole, and sulphamerazine were investigated in dwarf goats (n = 6) after IV and intraruminal administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg bodyweight. In addition, the in vitro binding of sulphamerazine to ruminal contents was studied as a possible explanation for a reduced absorption rate. Sulphamethoxazole showed the most rapid absorption after intraruminal administration (mean tmax +/- SD : 0.8 +/- 0.2h). However, the drug was rapidly eliminated from the plasma (t1/2 beta : 2.4 +/- 1.5 h) and the bioavailability was only 12.4 +/- 4.7%, most likely due to an extensive 'first-pass' effect. The bioavailability of orally administered sulphamerazine and sulphatroxazole was much higher (67.6 +/- 13.5% and 70.2 +/- 32.3%, respectively). After intraruminal administration, sulphatroxazole showed the highest plasma peak concentration (26.1 +/- 6.3 mg/l) and the longest plasma half-life (4.7 +/- 1.8h) and mean residence time (13.9 +/- 4.5 h). Sulphamerazine showed considerable binding to rumen contents in vitro. Based on its pharmacokinetic properties sulphatroxazole appears to be a suitable candidate to be used in combination with the more recently developed diaminopyrimidines such as baquiloprim.
