ABSTRACT
Cathepsin S (Cat S) is a protein expressed in some epithelial cells, which appears to be associated with cancer metastasis and recurrence. The abnormal expression of Cat S has been reported to be associated with the progression of certain types of gastrointestinal neoplasms, including gastric cancer (GC). There is a need to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets associated with the growth, invasion and migration of GC cells, in order to develop non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic procedures and design new therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between Cat S and oncogenic processes implicated in the development of GC, focusing on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of this molecule in GC. A search was conducted through the PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials electronic databases for relevant literature published between 2003 and 2018, using the mesh terms 'cathepsin S' and 'cancer' and 'gastric cancer'.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus (CoV) is a virus infectious disease with a considerable spectrum of clinical presentations. Symptoms ranged from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia that may lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and several clinical complications. Neurologic symptoms related to CoV have been described recently in the literature. The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the central nervous system (CNS) is still not clear. This review aimed to reveal the current knowledge regarding CNS manifestation in SARS-CoV-2. A systematic literature review was carried out to identify the particularities of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with CNS involvement, using the PubMed database between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2020. Conference papers, reviews, published letters, editorials, studies in pregnant women and children, and studies only reporting on a specific factor were excluded. An initial search included as many as 83 articles. Out of the 83 screened articles, 32 were selected for full-text review. Sixteen studies were excluded because they did not analyze nervous system involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, 16 papers were included in this review. There were three retrospective studies and 13 case reports/series of cases. Data from the current literature reveal that patients who suffer from a severe illness have more CNS involvement, neurological symptoms (i.e., dizziness, headache) and an association with strokes. The severe patients had higher D-dimer and C-reactive protein levels than non-severe patients and presented multiple organ involvement, such as serious liver, kidney and muscle damage.
