Freshwater fish faunas, habitats and conservation challenges in the Caribbean river basins of north-western South America.

The remarkable fish diversity in the Caribbean rivers of north-western South America evolved under the influences of the dramatic environmental changes of neogene northern South America, including the Quechua Orogeny and Pleistocene climate oscillations. Although this region is not the richest in South America, endemism is very high. Fish assemblage structure is unique to each of the four aquatic systems identified (rivers, streams, floodplain lakes and reservoirs) and community dynamics are highly synchronized with the mono-modal or bi-modal flooding pulse of the rainy seasons. The highly seasonal multispecies fishery is based on migratory species. Freshwater fish conservation is a challenge for Colombian environmental institutions because the Caribbean trans-Andean basins are the focus of the economic development of Colombian society, so management measures must be directed to protect aquatic habitat and their connectivity. These two management strategies are the only way for helping fish species conservation and sustainable fisheries.

Hydrological cycle effects on the aquatic community in a Neotropical stream of the Andean piedmont during the 2007-2010 ENSO events.

The seasonal and interannual changes in the fish, macroinvertebrates and phycoperiphyton assemblages of the Guarinó River were examined in relation to the physical and chemical environmental changes associated with the hydrological cycle and the El Niño-Niña/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) between 2007 and 2010. Four samplings (in dry and rainy seasons) were performed per year. Environmental variables (temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, oxygen, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, depth and flow rate) were measured. The temporal patterns of the taxonomic compositions for the three assemblages and the functional composition of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages with respect to environmental variables were examined through canonical discriminant analysis, multidimensional scaling and multiple correlations. The presence and abundance of fishes, macroinvertebrates and algae species were regulated by environmental variables associated with extreme hydrological events, which derived from the natural torrential regimen of the basin and larger-scale phenomena, such as El Niño and La Niña. Fish abundance and richness were significantly correlated with algal density and pH, the macroinvertebrate density was negatively related to the flow rate and the richness was positively correlated with algal density. The algae richness was positively correlated with pH and negatively correlated with the flow rate and nitrogen. The algal density was positively correlated with pH and temperature and negatively correlated with river flow. The phycoperiphyton assemblage exhibited more direct responses in its density and richness to the hydrological changes (r(2) = 0·743 and 0·800, respectively). In functional terms, the El Niño phenomenon was defined by a greater abundance of omnivorous and insectivorous fishes, as well as filter feeders, scrapers and macroinvertebrate predators. During La Niña, a greater abundance of benthic fishes (both detritivorous and insectivorous) and shredder and collector-gatherer macroinvertebrates was observed. Differentiated responses recorded in the community were based on adaptive strategies for the local hydrological regime that enable fast recovery under conditions such as ENSO phenomena. Composition changes according to adaptations to different hydrological scenarios and the predominance of generalists' trophic guilds and species with plasticity in their habits and their ranges of environmental tolerance were found, supporting the habitat templet model.

The role of the hydrological cycle on the distribution patterns of fish assemblages in an Andean stream.

The seasonal and interannual changes of the fish assemblage in the main channel and littoral zone of the Guarinó River, a torrential system located in the Colombian Andean foothills, were examined in relation to the physical and chemical environmental changes associated with the hydrological cycle and the El Niño-La Niña-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) between 2007 and 2010. Four samplings per year (in dry season and high water) were performed. Environmental variables (temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, oxygen, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, depth and flow rate) were contrasted with ANOVAs and a discriminant analysis to establish temporal patterns. Biological descriptors (richness, density and biomass) were contrasted with ANCOVAs. The temporal patterns of the taxonomic and functional composition and the density of the fish assemblages were examined with respect to environmental variables through canonical discriminant analysis per habitat. Interannual differences were significant with regard to density and richness for the main channel habitat; while in the littoral zone, the differences were significant between both the year and seasons. Discriminant analysis showed variations in species composition and relative abundance between the main channel and the littoral zone under contrasting hydrological conditions of El Niño-La Niña. High flows from 2008 to 2009 (La Niña) favoured resident species (e.g. Creagrutus magdalenae) and small benthic Siluriformes (e.g. Chaetostoma spp.), but was limited to migratory species (e.g. Prochilodus magdalenae). From 2009 to 2010 (El Niño), the most common species were reduced and rare species increased. River flow, temperature and oxygen were the variables that had the largest influences on the seasonal and interannual differences in the fish assemblage structure of the Guarinó River. The results suggested that the presence and abundance of species and functional groups in different habitats were regulated by stochastic conditions, such as droughts, floods and drag events associated with the Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO), acting as a hydrological disturbance on the habitats and generating different responses according to the adaptive characteristics of the species.