ABSTRACT
We evaluated the bird composition, forest dependence, trophic guilds and avian representativeness associated with 7, 10 and 15 years old reforestations and mature forest patches in order to verify the successional process and avian contribution to the forest restoration. Analyses revealed a segregation of bird composition with a gradual increasing in forest dependent species from 7 years to mature forest. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ranged from those birds often present in semi-open habitats to forest birds, canopy frugivorous and understory insectivorous as the successional stages progressed from the most recent reforestation to the most mature. Although 7 and 10 years of reforestation had the largest composition range, the more generalist, granivorous and forest independent birds, three years were enough to have different bird diversity between them. Avifauna of 15 years patches resembled most closely that of mature forest but still lacked 18 species. In this way, we addressed: 1) planting of herbaceous/shrub and freshy-fruited species in reforestations and; 2) establish riparian forest corridors along the Paraná river to connect these reforestation patches with mature forest. These measures will allow higher avian beta-diversity to maximize the diaspores dispersed by birds to expand and accelerate the rehabilitation of this threatened for forest.
Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Birds , Conservation of Natural Resources , Forests , Animals , Birds/physiology , Birds/classification , Brazil , Time Factors , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This study describes the hematological and biometric characteristics of male and female Gymnotus species from the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Fifty adult specimens of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus were weighed, measured, and then euthanized. Blood was collected by puncturing the celiac mesenteric vein to determine the hematocrit, hemoglobin content, number of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose level, absolute value of leukocytes, and relative value of leukocytes and thrombocytes. Body weight and relative condition factor did not differ (P > 0.05) between the sexes, as well as erythrogram and the blood glucose values. Hematocrit ranged from 18.0% to 54.0%; hemoglobin from 1.1 to 14.7 g dL-1; number of erythrocytes from 0.2 × 106 to 3.8 ×106 µL-1; MCV from 24.2 to 321.7 fL; and MCHC from 4.2 to 44.5 g dL-1. In the differential count were identified thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, immature leukocytes, and PAS-positive granular leukocyte (PAS-GL). Females had a higher percentage of immature leukocytes (P < 0.05) than males. Glucose levels, erythrogram, leukogram, and the morphology of defense cells are comparable to other fish species of the Pantanal. Thrombocytes were the most frequent defense cells, followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Gymnotiformes/anatomy & histology , Gymnotiformes/blood , Reference Values , Species Specificity , Blood Cell Count/veterinary , Blood Glucose/analysis , Brazil , Sex Factors , Biometry/methods , Wetlands , Hematologic Tests/methods , Hematologic Tests/veterinaryABSTRACT
This study describes the hematological and biometric characteristics of male and female Gymnotus species from the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Fifty adult specimens of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus were weighed, measured, and then euthanized. Blood was collected by puncturing the celiac mesenteric vein to determine the hematocrit, hemoglobin content, number of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose level, absolute value of leukocytes, and relative value of leukocytes and thrombocytes. Body weight and relative condition factor did not differ (P > 0.05) between the sexes, as well as erythrogram and the blood glucose values. Hematocrit ranged from 18.0% to 54.0%; hemoglobin from 1.1 to 14.7 g dL-1; number of erythrocytes from 0.2 × 106 to 3.8 ×106 µL-1; MCV from 24.2 to 321.7 fL; and MCHC from 4.2 to 44.5 g dL-1. In the differential count were identified thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, immature leukocytes, and PAS-positive granular leukocyte (PAS-GL). Females had a higher percentage of immature leukocytes (P < 0.05) than males. Glucose levels, erythrogram, leukogram, and the morphology of defense cells are comparable to other fish species of the Pantanal. Thrombocytes were the most frequent defense cells, followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils.
Subject(s)
Gymnotiformes/anatomy & histology , Gymnotiformes/blood , Animals , Biometry/methods , Blood Cell Count/veterinary , Blood Glucose/analysis , Brazil , Female , Hematologic Tests/methods , Hematologic Tests/veterinary , Male , Reference Values , Sex Factors , Species Specificity , WetlandsABSTRACT
Tucano Toco (Ramphastos toco) é um dos grandes frugívoros de dossel, tanto de florestas contínuas quanto ambientes semi-abertos. No Pantanal Sul o Tucano Toco é comum em paisagens que intercalam ambientes fechados e abertos. Neste estudo avaliamos a abundância de Tucano Toco em capões de mata e mata ciliar, bem como a produção e consumo de frutos carnosos durante a estação seca. Apenas seis espécies frutificaram em capões de mata, e cinco em mata ciliar. Nos capões de mata a maior abundância do gênero Ficus, cuja frutificação foi assincrônica, proporcionou disponibilidade constante de frutos. Na mata ciliar a oferta de frutos carnosos foi variável e as figueiras foram raras e não foram detectadas pelo método de quadrante centrado. Nos dois hábitats os tucanos exploraram frutos de Cecropia pachystachya, Genipa americana e Ficus. A ocorrência de Tucano Toco foi sempre maior em capões de mata do que em mata ciliar, sendo mais elevada em um dado hábitat, quando pelo menos duas espécies disponibilizavam frutos carnosos. A maior regularidade na ocorrência dos tucanos em capões de mata pode ter sido conseqüência da oferta constante de frutos carnosos, a qual ocorreu devido à presença das espécies do gênero Ficus neste hábitat. Porém, a presença da espécie nos hábitats avaliados deve decorrer da combinação de todos os frutos comuns na sua alimentação.
Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) is one of the largest frugivorous birds of canopy, even in continuous forests than in semi-opened habitat. At South Pantanal (Brazil) Toco toucan is common in landscapes that intersperse open and closed habitats. On this research we evaluated the Toco Toucan abundance in capões forest and gallery forest as well as the production and consumption of fleshy fruit during dry season. Only six species produced fruits in capões forests, and five in gallery forests. In capões forest the higher presence of Ficus genera, which fructifying was asynchronous, provided constant fruit source. In gallery forests where fig trees were rare, the abundance of fleshy fruits was variable. The toucans explored Cecropia pachystachya, Genipa americana and Ficus fruits at two habitats. The occurrence of Toco Toucan in capões forest always was higher than in gallery forest. The occurrence in each habitat was higher when at least two species produced fleshy fruits at the same time. The regular toucan occurrence at capões forest was potentially a consequence of constant fleshy fruit availability, which occurred due to the presence of Ficus species in this habitat. However, the presence of Toco Toucan at this habitat must result from the combination of all common fruits in bird feed.
