ABSTRACT
Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst (D.C) G. Gray, var. chilensis (canelo) is an endemic tree from Chile. Since pre-Columbian times, it has produced a fruit known as the canelo pepper, (pimienta de canelo) or Foye pepper, which can be used as a spice. The chemical and biological analysis of canelo fruits is reported for the first time in this study, that is, its phenolic fingerprinting by UHPLC-PDA- Q-orbitrap MS, the antioxidant activity, the enzymatic inhibitory activity, and its relaxation effects on rat aorta. The proximal composition and the mineral content (Ca: 1.45 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Mg: 7.72 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Fe: 4.54 ± 0.21 mg/100 g; Zn: 2.99 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; Mn: 1.08 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Cu: 0.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; K: 53.03 ± 0.20 mg/100 g; Na: 0.087 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) are also reported. The canelo fruits showed a total phenolic content of 57.33 ± 0.82 mg GAE/g dry weight. In addition, the total flavonoid content was 38.42 ± 1.32 mg equivalent of QE/g dry weight. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by employing DPPH and ABTS methods (IC50 of 6.65 ± 0.5 and 9.5 ± 0.05 µg/mL, respectively), ORAC (25.33 ± 1.2 µmol Trolox/g dry plant) and FRAP (45.56 ± 1.32 µmol Trolox/g dry plant). The enzymatic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase (IC50: 1.94 ± 0.07, 2.73 ± 0.05, and 9.92 ± 0.05 µg extract/mL, respectively) is also reported. Canelo extract led to an 89% relaxation of rat aorta. Our results confirm that D. winteri fruits are a rich source of secondary metabolites and can inhibit enzymes associated with neurodegenerative diseases; the results also suggest that canelo may induce a potentially hypotensive effect in rat aorta. The study demonstrates the medicinal properties of canelo fruit and spice.
ABSTRACT
El compostaje es una tecnología ecológica, la cual constituye una vía para la reutilización y biotransformación de materiales orgánicos así como su posterior aplicación en suelos. La calidad de un abono orgánico se determina a partir del contenido nutricional y de la capacidad de proveer nutrientes a un cultivo. Con base en un compostaje de material orgánico en mezcla (pulpa de café, residuos de banano, gallinaza y bovinaza), proveniente de fincas cafeteras ubicadas en el departamento de Cundinamarca, se determinaron y compararon indicadores químicos y biológicos. Además, mediante un bioensayo, usando dos especies con alto potencial alimentario y forrajero: maíz (Zea mays L.) y fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), se evaluó el efecto del compost sobre parámetros agronómicos y productividad en ambos cultivos. Siete tratamientos fueron evaluados [Abono químico (Q), Mezcla 1 (Mz1), Mezcla 2 (Mz2), Mezcla 3 (Mz3), Testigo sin fertilización (SF), Abono orgánico comercial (AOC)], con base en la determinación de parámetros químicos (MO, macro y micronutrientes). En el bioensayo con maíz (Zea mays L.), Q y Mz1 obtuvieron los parámetros más altos durante la etapa vegetativa; en la etapa de floración la Mz3 obtuvo los mejores valores en los parámetros. En fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), en la etapa vegetativa, los tratamientos Q y Mz1 fueron los mejores sin presentar diferencias significativas entre sí; en las etapas de floración y rendimiento Mz2 fue la que obtuvo mejor respuesta. En conclusión, los abonos orgánicos son una alternativa viable y sostenible probada bajo condiciones de campo.
Composting is an ecological technology which constitutes a way to reusing and biotransforming organic materials as well as their subsequent application in soil. The quality of organic fertilizer is determined from the nutritional content and the ability to provide nutrients to a crop. Based on an organic material composting mix, (coffee pulp, banana waste, chicken and cattle manure) coming from the coffee farms located in the department of Cundinamarca, chemical and biological indicators were determined and compared. In addition, through a bioassay, using two species with high food and feed potential, corn (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the effect of compost on agronomic parameters and productivity in both crops was assessed. Seven treatments were evaluated [chemical fertilizer (Q), mixture 1 (Mz1), mixture 2 (Mz2), mixture 3 (Mz3), control without fertilizer (SF), commercial organic fertilizer (AOC)], based on the determination of chemical parameters (MO, CO, macro and micronutrients). In the bioassay with corn (Zea mays L.), Q and Mz1 obtained the highest parameters during the vegetative stage; in the flowering stage, Mz3 obtained the best values in the parameters. In beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the vegeteative stage treatments, Q and Mz1 were the best, without showing statistical differences among them. In the flowering and harvesting phase, Mz2 obtained a better response. In conclusion, organic fertilizers are a viable and sustainable alternative tested under field conditions.
