ABSTRACT
Bromate (BrO3-) is an anionic contaminant known possess carcinogenic potential. Although some studies have reported the occurrence of bromate in drinking water, very little is known about its presence in fruits and vegetables, especially in Chile. In this study, we quantified bromate in soils (nâ¯=â¯29), drinking water (nâ¯=â¯43), surface water (nâ¯=â¯6), groundwater (nâ¯=â¯6), fertilizers (nâ¯=â¯7), fruits (nâ¯=â¯12) and vegetables (nâ¯=â¯42) collected across Chile. The highest average concentrations of bromate in soils (11.7â¯ngâ¯g-1) and drinking water (8.8â¯ngâ¯mL-1) were found in northern Chile. Additionally, drinking water collected from four regions of Chile showed higher concentrations of bromate (median:18.5â¯ngâ¯mL-1) than the maximum contaminant level (MCL, 10â¯ngâ¯mL-1). Concentrations of bromate in nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous fertilizers were similar (median: 2.51⯵gâ¯g-1). Leafy vegetables (median: 9.52â¯ngâ¯g-1) produced in the northern Chile contained higher bromate concentrations than those produced in other regions (median: 0.24â¯ngâ¯g-1). The estimated daily intakes of bromate via drinking water in northern, central and southern were ranged between 58.6 and 447â¯ng/kgâ¯bw/d. Leafy vegetables were an important source of bromate for all age group. The EDI values were below the respective reference dose (RfD) of 4000â¯ng/kg-day.
Subject(s)
Bromates/chemistry , Drinking Water/chemistry , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Fruit/chemistry , Vegetables/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Bromates/analysis , Chile , Drinking Water/analysis , HumansABSTRACT
The intramolecular arene-olefin photoannulation reaction of diastereopure substrates and gave diastereopure and whose structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and confirmed by X-ray crystallography.