Short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on local and systemic cytokine levels: Role of hyperglycemia.

BACKGROUND: The effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on oral and systemic inflammatory mediators in subjects with periodontitis and hyperglycemia remains largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to compare the short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum, saliva and GCF inflammatory markers levels in GP subjects with or without hyperglycemia. METHODS: Sixty subjects divided into four groups of equal size were selected to participate: type 2 diabetics with generalized periodontitis (T2DM + GP), pre-diabetics with GP (PD + GP), normoglycemic subjects with GP (NG + GP), and healthy controls. GCF, serum, and saliva samples were obtained at baseline and 30 days after scaling and root planning (SRP) and the levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1 ß), IL-8, IL-6, IL-2, IL-5, IL-4, IL-10, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by ultrasensitive multiplex assay. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. RESULTS: SRP yielded significant improvement of all periodontal parameters for all GP groups (p < 0.01). A significant reduction in GCF levels of several cytokines were observed; however, only IL-1B and IFN-γ were consistently reduced post-treatment across all GP groups. Salivary levels of IL-1ß were significantly reduced in all GP groups following treatment. No significant differences were observed for serum levels after SRP. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal treatment reduced local inflammatory markers, specifically IL-1B and IFN-γ, irrespective of the diabetes status. Periodontal treatment had no significant effect on serum levels of the inflammatory markers evaluated in this study.

New strategies and developments for peri-implant disease.

The aim of this illustrated review is to present the new strategies and developments to treatment and diagnosis of periimplant diseases. Periimplant disease is a subject of great concern for modern dentistry. The numbers of implant exhibiting biological complications grows as implant dentistry expands thought-out the world. Diagnosis and treatment of those diseases are still controversial and difficult. We present novel treatment for infection control and biological rationale of additional use of guided bone regeneration, with an illustrative explanation of the treatments presented with two cases.

Influence of T2DM and prediabetes on blood DC subsets and function in subjects with periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the myeloid and plasmacytoid DC counts and maturation status among subjects with/without generalized periodontitis (GP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The frequency and maturation status of myeloid and plasmacytoid blood DCs were analyzed by flow cytometry in four groups of 15 subjects: healthy controls, T2DM with generalized CP (T2DM + GP), prediabetes with GP (PD + GP), and normoglycemics with GP (NG + GP). RT-PCR was used to determine levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the oral biofilms and within panDCs. The role of exogenous glucose effects on differentiation and apoptosis of healthy human MoDCs was explored in vitro. RESULTS: Relative to controls and to NG + GP, T2DM + GP showed significantly lower CD1c + and CD303 + DC counts, while CD141 + DCs were lower in T2DM + GP relative to controls. Blood DC maturation required for mobilization and immune responsiveness was not observed. A statistically significant trend was observed for P. gingivalis levels in the biofilms of groups as follows: controls 

New strategies and developments for peri-implant disease

Abstract The aim of this illustrated review is to present the new strategies and developments to treatment and diagnosis of periimplant diseases. Periimplant disease is a subject of great concern for modern dentistry. The numbers of implant exhibiting biological complications grows as implant dentistry expands thought-out the world. Diagnosis and treatment of those diseases are still controversial and difficult. We present novel treatment for infection control and biological rationale of additional use of guided bone regeneration, with an illustrative explanation of the treatments presented with two cases.

Periodontal therapy and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.

AIM: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of periodontal therapy (PT) on serum levels of inflammatory markers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: A literature search was carried out using MEDLINE via Pubmed, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) evaluating the effect of PT on systemic inflammatory markers were deemed eligible. Case series (CS), reports and pilot trials were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk assessment tool. Meta-analysis was carried out using random effect methods. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 3,164 potential studies of which 61 were assessed for eligibility and 9 (6 RCTs and 3 CCTs) were included in this systematic review. Three RCTs were classified by the authors as being at low risk of bias and three were "unclear" and classified as uncertain risk of bias. All CCTs were considered to be at a high risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant mean difference (MD) for TNF- α (-1.33 pg/ml, 95% CI: -2.10; -0.56, p<0.001) and CRP (-1.28 mg/l, 95% CI: -2.07; - 0.48, p<0.001) favoring periodontal intervention versus control. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis support the hypothesis that PT reduces serum levels of TNF- α and CRP in T2DM individuals. The decrease of inflammatory burden has important implications for metabolic control and can, in part, explain the mechanisms linking periodontitis and increased risk for complications in people with T2DM.

Dissemination of periodontal pathogens in the bloodstream after periodontal procedures: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To date, there is no compilation of evidence-based information associating bacteremia and periodontal procedures. This systematic review aims to assess magnitude, duration, prevalence and nature of bacteremia caused by periodontal procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic Review. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases were searched in duplicate through August, 2013 without language restriction. Observational studies were included if blood samples were collected before, during or after periodontal procedures of patients with periodontitis. The methodological quality was assessed in duplicate using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). RESULTS: Search strategy identified 509 potentially eligible articles and nine were included. Only four studies demonstrated high methodological quality, whereas five were of medium or low methodological quality. The study characteristics were considered too heterogeneous to conduct a meta-analysis. Among 219 analyzed patients, 106 (49.4%) had positive bacteremia. More frequent bacteria were S. viridans, A. actinomycetemcomitans P. gingivalis, M. micros and species Streptococcus and Actinomyces, although identification methods of microbiologic assays were different among studies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although half of the patients presented positive bacteremia after periodontal procedures, accurate results regarding the magnitude, duration and nature of bacteremia could not be confidentially assessed.

Efeito da terapia periodontal supragengival em parâmetros microbiológicos de pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2 / Effect of supragingival periodontal therapy on microbiological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto da terapia periodontal supragengival nos parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos de pacientes portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) em um período de 6 meses, através da utilização do PCR (reação em cadeia da polimerase) em tempo real. Material e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 20 pacientes portadores de DMT2. Os indivíduos foram randomizados em dois grupos diferentes e receberam duas formas de tratamento periodontal. O grupo teste, composto por 10 indivíduos, recebeu terapia periodontal supragengival (TPS) e o grupo controle, também com 10 indivíduos, recebeu terapia periodontal intensiva (TPI), considerada como o padrão ouro. Ambos os grupos receberam orientação de higiene (OHB), durante os 6 meses da realização do estudo. Foram coletadas amostras de biofilme subgengival em um sítio raso e outro profundo, antes do tratamento periodontal e após seis meses do seu término, perfazendo um total de 4 amostras por paciente. Foram avaliadas quatro bactérias periodontais (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia e Treponema denticola) e também foi feita a contagem Universal das bactérias presentes. O estudo avaliou um total de 80 amostras. Foram também coletados os dados clínicos periodontais.

A quantidade de bactérias pré e pós tratamento foi determinada pela técnica de PCR em tempo real. Os dados clínicos e microbiológicos foram analisados por métodos estatísticos não-paramétricos. Resultados: A análise dos dados demográficos e clínicos no baseline, mostrou não haver diferenças entre os grupos TPS e TPI. Existem diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos com relação à melhora do sangramento (p<0,001) e profundidade clínica de sondagem (PCS) (p=0,011), em ambos à melhora pelo tratamento TPI é maior. Quanto a melhora dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais em cada um dos grupos após 6 meses, apenas a supuração não melhorou para o grupo TPS. Os demais parâmetros clínicos melhoram significativamente em ambos os tratamentos. Com relação aos dados microbiológicos, nas bolsas rasas os grupos são diferentes para a medida de A. actinomycetemcomitans e P. gingivalis na avaliação de 6 meses. No entanto, quando comparamos as diferenças (log final- log inicial), não houve diminuição significativa entre os grupos para nenhuma das bactérias. Com relação à diminuição do número de bactérias em cada um dos tratamentos, houve uma diminuição significativa para T. forsythia no grupo TPI. Nas bolsas profundas, quando comparamos as diferenças (log final- log inicial), não houve diminuição significativa entre os grupos para nenhuma das bactérias avaliadas, bem como após 6 meses em cada um dos tratamentos. Quando fazemos a razão do número de cópias de cada bactéria com relação ao número de cópias total (Universal) nas bolsas rasas, existe diferença significativa entre os grupos para P. gingivalis (p= 0,043) e A. actinomycetemcomitans (p= 0,019) na avaliação de 6 meses. Com relação à diminuição das proporções para cada um dos tratamentos após 6 meses, TPI foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o número de T. forsythia nas bolsas rasas (p=0,004) e o número de P. gingivalis nas bolsas profundas (p=0,037).

Objectives: To evaluate the supragingival periodontal therapy in clinical and microbiological parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a 6 month period by using real-time PCR. Material and Methods: The study included 20 individuals with T2DM. The subjects were divided into two groups and received two different forms of periodontal treatment. A group of 10 individuals received supragingival periodontal treatment (SPT) and another, also with 10 patients received intensive periodontal treatment (IPT), the gold standard. Samples were collected from subgingival biofilm in shallow sites and deep sites before and after six months of the periodontal treatment, a total of four samples per patient. We evaluated four periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) and was also made Universal count of bacteria present. The study evaluated a total of 80 samples. Clinical parameters were also acessed. The amount of bacteria before and after treatment was determined by real time PCR. Clinical and microbiological data were analyzed by non-parametric statistical methods. Results: The analysis of demographic and clinical data at baseline, showed no differences between groups SPT and IPT. There are significant differences between the treatments with regard to improvement of bleeding (p<0.001) and probing depth (PD) (p=0.011) in both the IPT improvement is greater. Regarding the improvement of clinical periodontal parameters after 6 months for each group, only the suppuration has not improved for the SPT group.

The other clinical parameters improved significantly in both treatments. Regarding the microbiological data in the shallow sites, the groups are different for the measurement of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in the evaluation of 6 months. However, when comparing the differences (end log inicial log), there was no significant decrease between groups for any of the bacteria. With respect to reducing the number of bacteria in each of the treatments, there was a significant decrease in T. forsythia for IPT. In the deep sites, the groups are different for the measurement of A. actinomycetemcomitans at baseline. However, when comparing the differences (end log inicial log), there was no significant decrease between groups for any of the bacteria evaluated. There was also no significant decrease in the number of bacteria after 6 months in each treatment.

A influência do controle supragengival no nível glicêmico de pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2 / The impact of supragingival mechanical control on glycemic level in subjects with type 2 diabetes

O diabetes mellitus (DM) atualmente é considerado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como uma epidemia. Para prevenir as suas complicações e desonerar os sistemas de saúde, tem-se dado mais atenção à saúde primária (ex.: dieta e exercícios físicos) e secundária (ex.: bom controle glicêmico). O controle glicêmico é fundamental para a prevenção das complicações do DM (doenças cardiovasculares, retinopatias, nefropatias, neuropatias etc.). A doença periodontal (DP) é considerada uma das complicações do DM e estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos têm avaliado o impacto do tratamento periodontal no controle glicêmico. Dada à relevância deste assunto, o objetivo foi fazer uma revisão crítica da literatura, assim como relatar um caso sobre a influência do controle mecânico supragengival nos níveis glicêmicos de uma paciente portadora de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2).

Como estabelecer confiabilidade e evitar erros de mensuração nas pesquisas clínicas periodontais? / How to establish reliability and to avoid measurement errors in surveys clinical periodontal?

Muitos estudos clínicos na área da Periodontia ainda apresentam erros metodológicos que afetam as suas validades. Um dos motivos que comprometem a reprodutibilidade e a confiabilidade das pesquisas é a prévia falta de treinamento do(s) examinador (es) envolvido(s). Esta revisão tem como objetivo elucidar a importância da calibração na avaliação dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais, assim como apresentar testes estatísticos adequados para que os dados avaliados tenham corretas interpretações.

Methodological errors still may affect the validity of many clinical studies in the field of periodontics. One of the reasons that compromise the research's reliability and reproducibility is the lack of prior training author (s) involved (s). This review aims to elucidate the importance of calibration in the evaluation of clinical periodontal parameters, as well as provide statistical tests appropriate for the data evaluated have the correctinterpretation