Health habits during lockdown for CoViD-19 in Spain and its effect on weight / Hábitos de salud en España durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 y sus efectos sobre el peso

Background and objectives: a deterioration of health habits has been found in various studies caused by stressful situations such as mandatory and maintained confinement over time. This study aims to analyze the health habits of the Spanish adult population during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the possible impact on their body weight. Method: two thousand eight hundred and thirty-four volunteer subjects participated in the study (69.3 % women). They completed an on-line questionnaire that evaluated their health habits, as well as various sociodemographic variables. Results: the results show a statistically significant link between the subjects’ body mass index (BMI) and the change in their weight during lockdown (2: 79.303; p: < 0.001). Besides, a statisti-cally significant relationship between the different health habits under analysis was also found, being moderate with respect to the link between eating habits and physical activity (Cramer’s V: .226). A statistically significant relationship was also found between the participants’ weight and the different health habits during lockdown. The effect size of the associations was moderate in relation to the participants’ eating habits (Cramer’s V: .409) and physical activity (Cramer’s V: .292). Conclusions: it is suggested the development of prevention programs for long lockdown periods associated with high levels of stress so as to promote a healthy diet, as well as exercise using new technologies and a proper rest, especially in overweight or obese subjects.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: varios estudios han constatado cómo los hábitos relacionados con la salud pueden verse afectados ante situaciones estresantes, como un confi namiento forzoso y mantenido en el tiempo. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar el impacto que el confinamiento debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 tuvo sobre los hábitos de salud de la población española adulta, así como sobre su peso corporal. Método: en el estudio participaron 2.834 voluntarios (69,3 % mujeres), los cuales cumplimentaron un cuestionario on-line que evaluó sus hábitos de salud, así como diversas variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de los sujetos y el cambio en su peso corporal durante el confinamiento (χ2 : 79,303; p: < 0,001). Una alta proporción de sujetos con sobrepeso (47 %) y obesidad (50,6 %) informaron de un aumento en su peso que podría deberse a un incremento en la ingesta de ali-mentos como resultado de la ansiedad experimentada, cambios en los horarios de las comidas, una disminución del tiempo dedicado al ejercicio físico y un empeoramiento de la cantidad y la calidad del sueño. Asimismo, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los diferentes hábitos de salud objeto de estudio, siendo esta moderada entre los hábitos alimentarios y la actividad física (V de Cramer: 0,226). También se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el peso de los participantes y sus diferentes hábitos de salud durante el confinamiento, siendo esta moderada en relación con los hábitos de alimentación de los participantes (V de Cramer: 0,409) y su actividad física (V de Cramer: 0,292). Conclusiones: se sugiere elaborar planes de prevención para confinamientos prolongados asociados a altos niveles de estrés, dirigidos especialmente a personas con sobrepeso y obesidad, los cuales promuevan una alimentación saludable junto...(AU)

Health habits during lockdown for COVID-19 in Spain and its effect on weight.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: a deterioration of health habits has been found in various studies caused by stressful situations such as mandatory and maintained confinement over time. This study aims to analyze the health habits of the Spanish adult population during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the possible impact on their body weight. METHOD: two thousand eight hundred and thirty-four volunteer subjects participated in the study (69.3 % women). They completed an on-line questionnaire that evaluated their health habits, as well as various sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: the results show a statistically significant link between the subjects' body mass index (BMI) and the change in their weight during lockdown (2: 79.303; p: < 0.001). Besides, a statisti-cally significant relationship between the different health habits under analysis was also found, being moderate with respect to the link between eating habits and physical activity (Cramer's V: .226). A statistically significant relationship was also found between the participants' weight and the different health habits during lockdown. The effect size of the associations was moderate in relation to the participants' eating habits (Cramer's V: .409) and physical activity (Cramer's V: .292). CONCLUSIONS: it is suggested the development of prevention programs for long lockdown periods associated with high levels of stress so as to promote a healthy diet, as well as exercise using new technologies and a proper rest, especially in overweight or obese subjects.

Obesity Bias in the School Setting: A Brief Report.

Obesity bias is one of the main psychosocial consequences experienced by people who are overweight and people with obesity. Therefore, its study, especially during childhood, has become an emerging objective. The aim of this study is to examine obesity bias in children in the school setting. In total, 171 primary school students (Mean age: 10.68; SD: 0.63) from a school in Madrid (Spain) filled out a survey in which they indicated whether they would choose a classmate with obesity with whom they would carry out academic, social, and leisure activities. The rejection ratios of peers with obesity and other personal characteristics such as gender, nationality, or ethnicity were compared. The results indicate that more than half of the participants would not choose a partner with obesity to carry out any of the three activities suggested, and that obesity was the personal characteristic that elicited the highest rate of rejection, especially among females. The possible explanations for these findings are discussed, as well as why the school setting should be a nonaggressive but protective environment for children with obesity.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for an Adolescent with Anorexia Nervosa.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of anorexia nervosa remains a matter of much debate. Though cognitive behavioural therapy would seem to offer good results, there is still no resounding evidence pointing to a single treatment of choice. The case presented in this paper examines the treatment with CBT of a patient presenting anorexia nervosa. Evaluation/diagnosis: An adolescent girl, 17 years of age, voluntarily attends psychological therapy to address eating behaviour problems. After administering the EAT-26, EDI-2, and BSQ standardised screening tests, as well as a clinical interview for assessment, a psychopathological profile is obtained, providing a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype. Therapeutic goals: The therapeutic goals set were to reach a healthy weight for the patient's age and height (specified as a minimum BMI of 18.5) and change the structure of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that was justifying and maintaining the disorder. TREATMENT: Treatment lasted for 33 sessions and used cognitive behavioural techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, response cost, and positive reinforcement, in addition to family intervention techniques. Nutrition therapy was also carried out in parallel to the treatment sessions. RESULTS: Following eight months of weekly sessions, the patient reached the target weight and changed attitudes towards food and body image, replacing them with healthy thoughts and behaviours. Follow-up made one and two years after the end of the treatment saw that these results were maintained. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In this case, CBT proved effective in achieving the patient's physical and psychological recovery. Therefore, this case contributes to the evidence of the efficacy of this therapeutic approach in certain cases of ED.

Mediating Factors between Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Eating Disorders Development: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Many people with eating disorders often report having suffered some kind of childhood trauma. For this reason, many studies have attempted to explore the mediating factors between traumatic experiences and the development of eating disorders. The aim of our study is to conduct a systematic review of published works on the mediating factors between childhood trauma and the development of eating disorders. METHOD: This review was carried out up to 5 December, 2020, using the databases PsycInfo and PubMed, combining the keywords, and applying a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles were retrieved. After the articles were analyzed, a set of mediating factors between childhood trauma and the development of eating disorders was established, including pathological dissociation, difficulty with emotion self-regulation, body dissatisfaction, negative affect/depression, anxiety, general distress, self-criticism, and alexithymia, among others. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to evaluating trauma in eating disorders, these results highlight the importance of paying special attention to the presence of various possible mediating factors, which must be taken into account in the planning of therapeutic treatment. Identifying symptoms of trauma or eating disorders early on could prevent onset of more severe psychopathology during adulthood.

Child Trauma Experiences and Dissociative Symptoms in Women with Eating Disorders: Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: many people with different diagnoses, including eating disorders, have suffered traumatic experiences in childhood. METHOD: a case-control study was performed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of child trauma and dissociative symptoms in people with eating disorders and compare the results obtained with a control group. Participants were administered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders (SCID-II) to confirm diagnostic criteria and explore possible comorbidities. Traumatic experiences in childhood were evaluated with the Child Trauma Questionnaire in its abbreviated version (CTQ-SF), psychoform dissociation was measured with the Scale of Dissociative Experiences (DES-II) and somatoform dissociation with the Somatoform Dissociation Scale (SDQ-20). RESULTS: women with eating disorders reported a greater severity and higher prevalence of child trauma than the control group. Significant differences were found by groups in dissociative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: our results, in a Spanish sample, confirm the findings of previous studies.

Efectividad de una intervención no sedativa para prevenir las reacciones ansiosas y claustrofóbicas en la resonancia magnética / Effectiveness of a non-sedative intervention to prevent anxious and claustrophobic reactions in magnetic resonance imaging

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Satisfaction with life and psychological well-being in people with gender dysphoria.

INTRODUCTION: Satisfaction with life and psychological well-being have been extensively studied as measures of mental health, which has led to the development of two major traditions, the hedonic and eudaimonic. A difference has been found between subjective emotional well-being, which is often called psychological well-being, and cognitive well-being, or satisfaction with life. The aim of this study was to explore satisfaction with life and psychological wellbeing in people diagnosed with gender dysphoria (GD), and compare their results to those of the general population. We also looked for gender-related differences. METHODS: The Fordyce Happiness Measures (or Fordyce Emotions Questionnaire) and the adaptation to Castilian Spanish of the Likert-type 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale were applied to a control sample of 40 students and a group of 61 people with GD. Descriptive statistics and the t test for independent samples were calculated. The data were analyzed with SPSS v. 15. RESULTS: The results indicated that the GD group had lower scores on the satisfaction with life and psychological well-being scales than the control group. No gender differences were found in satisfaction with life or psychological well-being.

Satisfacción con la vida y bienestar psicológico en personas con Disforia de Género / Satisfaction with life and psychological wellbeing in people with gender dysphoria

Introducción. La satisfacción con la vida y el bienestar psicológico han sido ampliamente estudiados como medida de salud mental y su transcurso ha dado lugar a dos grandes tradiciones: la hedónica y la eudaimónica. En la actualidad se establece una diferencia entre el bienestar subjetivo emocional, que se suele denominar bienestar psicológico y el cognitivo o satisfacción con la vida. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es explorar la satisfacción con la vida y el bienestar psicológico en personas con diagnostico de Disforia de Género (DG) y comparar los resultados con la población general, así como ver las diferencias por géneros. Metodología. La escala de bienestar psicológico de Fordyce y la adaptación al castellano de la versión de ítems tipo Likert de 1 a 5 de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida se aplicaron a una muestra de 40 estudiantes como grupo control y a 61 personas con DG. Se calculó estadística descriptiva y prueba T para muestras independientes, los datos se analizaron con SPSS v. 15. Resultados. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las personas con DG tienen una satisfacción con la vida y un bienestar psicológico menor que el grupo control. No se encontraron diferencias por géneros en satisfacción con la vida ni en bienestar psicológico

Introduction. Satisfaction with life and psychological well-being have been extensively studied as measures of mental health, which has led to the development of two major traditions, the hedonic and eudaimonic. A difference has been found between subjective emotional well-being, which is often called psychological well-being, and cognitive well-being, or satisfaction with life. The aim of this study was to explore satisfaction with life and psychological wellbeing in people diagnosed with gender dysphoria (GD), and compare their results to those of the general population. We also looked for gender-related differences. Methods. The Fordyce Happiness Measures (or Fordyce Emotions Questionnaire) and the adaptation to Castilian Spanish of the Likert-type 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale were applied to a control sample of 40 students and a group of 61 people with GD. Descriptive statistics and the t test for independent samples were calculated. The data were analyzed with SPSS v. 15. Results. The results indicated that the GD group had lower scores on the satisfaction with life and psychological well-being scales than the control group. No gender differences were found in satisfaction with life or psychological well-being

Body image in persons with gender dysphoria.

BACKGROUND: For subjects with gender dysphoria, body image is an important aspect of their condition. These people sometimes exhibit a strong desire to change their primary and secondary sexual characteristics. In addition, idealization of beauty has grown in importance and it may increase body dissatisfaction. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether body dissatisfaction in people with gender dysphoria is similar to that in clinical population or if it is more similar to that which may appear in general population. We also looked at gender differences in body dissatisfaction. METHODS: A set of questionnaires was administered to patients with gender dysphoria: Eating Attitudes Test (EAT- 26), body dissatisfaction sub-scale of Eating disorder inventory-two (EDI-2) and IMAGEN questionnaire. RESULTS: In the case of body dissatisfaction subscale of Eating disorder inventory-two with a cut-off 11; body dissatisfaction in our sample was close to the level presented in clinical population. However, using cut-off points 14 and 16, they exhibited a body dissatisfaction level that was similar to the general population. The same occurred for the IMAGEN questionnaire. No gender differences were found when looking at the level of dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The data seem to indicate that people with gender dysphoria would be at an intermediate point in relation to body dissatisfaction between general population and clinical population; in both female and male transsexuals. It seems that some level of body dissatisfaction may be perceived in relation to the ideal of beauty, but this dissatisfaction is significantly lower than in clinical populations.

INTRODUCCIÓN : Para las personas con disforia de género, la imagen corporal es un aspecto fundamental en su condición. Estas personas a veces manifiestan un fuerte deseo de cambiar sus caracteres sexuales primarios y secundarios. Además, socialmente el ideal de belleza ha ido cobrando cada vez más importancia pudiendo incrementar la insatisfacción corporal. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si la insatisfacción corporal en personas con disforia de género es similar a la que presenta la población clínica o si está más cerca de la que pudiera presentar la población general, así como la diferencia por géneros. MÉTODOS: Se administraron a personas con disforia de género una batería de cuestionarios en los que se incluyeron el Test de Actitudes hacia la Alimentación, la subescala de insatisfacción corporal del Inventario para los Trastornos de Alimentación y el cuestionario IMAGEN. RESULTADOS: En el caso de la subescala de insatisfacción corporal del Inventario para los Trastornos de Alimentación, con un punto de corte 11 la insatisfacción corporal de nuestra muestra estaría cercana al nivel de la población clínica. Sin embargo, usando los puntos de corte 14 y 16 si presentarían una insatisfacción corporal cercana a la población general, lo mismo para el IMAGEN. No se encontraron diferencias por géneros respecto al nivel de insatisfacción. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos parecen apuntar a que las personas con disforia de género estarían en un punto intermedio en lo que se refiere a insatisfacción corporal entre la población general y la población clínica, tanto transexuales femeninas como masculinos. Parece ser que hay cierta insatisfacción corporal que pueden percibir en relación al ideal de belleza pero esta insatisfacción es bastante menor que la que pueden tener poblaciones clínicas.

Guías para el tratamiento del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad: una revisión crítica / Treatment guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A critical review

Una serie de guías clínicas para el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad a lo largo de la vida han sido publicadas en los últimos años. El objetivo es proporcionar una síntesis del mejor conocimiento científico disponible y facilitar el trabajo clínico así como hacer una revisión crítica de las guías clínicas más recientes basado en el tratamiento y las recomendaciones. Se revisaron las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE/ PubMed/ Index Medicus, PsycINFO/ PsyLIT y the Science Citation Index at Web of Science (ISI). La búsqueda se realizó usando los términos indexados en MeSH: «ADHD», «guideline», «therapeuticst». Se seleccionaron un total de 10 artículos y 9 guías. Las guías indican que el diagnóstico del TDAH se hace a través de la evaluación clínica y debe de llevarse a cabo por un profesional sanitario con formación y experiencia en el trastorno. El tratamiento multimodal es el ideal para el manejo integral del TDAH. La farmacoterapia permanece como tratamiento de primera elección para el tratamiento del TDAH a lo largo de la vida, en concreto la medicación estimulante y entre ella, destacando el tratamiento con metilfenidato y todas coinciden en que la terapia psicológica incrementa la eficacia del tratamiento como coadyuvante al tratamiento farmacológico

A series of clinical guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder throughout life have been published in recent years. The aim is to provide a synthesis of the best available scientific knowledge and facilitate clinical work as well as to make a critical review of the latest clinical guidelines based on treatment and recommendations. Searches of the following databases were performed: MEDLINE/ PubMed/ Index Medicus, PsycINFO/ PsyLIT and the Science Citation Index at Web of Science (ISI). The indexed MeSH terms «ADHD», «guideline», «therapeutics» were used for the search, and a total of 10 articles and 9 guides were selected. The guidelines indicate that the diagnosis of ADHD is made by clinical assessment and must be performed by a health professional with training and experience in the disorder. Multimodal treatment is ideal for the integral management of ADHD. Pharmacotherapy remains the first choice treatment for ADHD throughout life, particularly stimulant medication and among them, highlighting treatment with methylphenidate and all guidelines agree that psychological therapy increases the effectiveness of treatment as co-adjuncts to pharmacotherapy

Treatment guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A critical review.

A series of clinical guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder throughout life have been published in recent years. The aim is to provide a synthesis of the best available scientific knowledge and facilitate clinical work as well as to make a critical review of the latest clinical guidelines based on treatment and recommendations. Searches of the following databases were performed: MEDLINE/ PubMed/ Index Medicus, PsycINFO/ PsyLIT and the Science Citation Index at Web of Science (ISI). The indexed MeSH terms “ADHD,” “guideline,” “therapeutics” were used for the search, and a total of 10 articles and 9 guides were selected. The guidelines indicate that the diagnosis of ADHD is made by clinical assessment and must be performed by a health professional with training and experience in the disorder. Multimodal treatment is ideal for the integral management of ADHD. Pharmacotherapy remains the first choice treatment for ADHD throughout life, particularly stimulant medication and among them, highlighting treatment with methylphenidate and all guidelines agree that psychological therapy increases the effectiveness of treatment as co-adjuncts to pharmacotherapy.