Concurrent chromothripsis events in a case of TP53 depleted acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes.

Acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) is a heterogeneous hematological disorder defined by morphological, genetic, and clinical features. Patients with AML-MRC often show cytogenetic changes, which are associated with poor prognosis. Straightforward criteria for AML-MRC diagnosis and a more rigorous characterization of the genetic abnormalities accompanying this disease are needed. Here we describe an informative AML-MRC case, showing two separate, but concurrent, chromothripsis events, occurred at the onset of the tumor, and originating an unbalanced t(5;7) translocation and a derivative chromosome 12 with a highly rearranged short arm. Conversely, despite chromothripsis has been often associated with genomic amplification in cancer, in this case a large marker chromosome harboring amplified sequences from chromosomes 19 and 22 arose from a stepwise mechanism. Notably, the patient also showed a TP53 mutated status, known to be associated with an increased susceptibility towards chromothripsis and a poor prognosis. Our results indicate that multiple chromothripsis events may occur early in neoplastic transformation and act in a synergistic way with progressive chromosomal alterations to determine a dramatic impact on disease outcome, as suggested by the gene expression profile analysis.

Autophagy: A New Mechanism of Prosurvival and Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma.

Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative process that balances cell energy source and regulates tissue homeostasis. In physiological condition, autophagy funnels cytoplasmic constituents to autophagolysosomes for degradation and is an alternative way for cell-death behavior. Here, we inspected autophagy as a prosurvival mechanism essential for drug resistance in multiple myeloma (MM). Accordingly, autophagy inhibitors used in association to conventional anti-MM drugs might enforce the effect against resistant MM plasma cells and render autophagy a new therapeutic target.

Belimumab restores Treg/Th17 balance in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus.

Belimumab, a specific inhibitor of the soluble B lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS), is the first biological drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) refractory to standard therapy. Given that an imbalance between regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin (IL)-17A-secreting T cells (Th17) has been reported in various autoimmune disorders, we assessed the frequency of both Treg and Th17 peripheral blood populations before and after belimumab administration in 20 patients with active SLE refractory to standard therapy. After six months of treatment, the mean SELENA-SLEDAI score as well as the mean anti-double-stranded DNA antibody titers were significantly decreased. In addition, we observed a significant increase in Treg percentages and a parallel, significant decrease in Th17 percentages, accompanied by significantly reduced serum levels of IL-21. In vitro studies showed that Treg purified from belimumab-treated patients were fully functional and displayed a suppressor function similar to that of Treg purified from healthy donors. Belimumab can restore Treg/Th17 balance in SLE patients with uncontrolled disease activity, and this results in decreased flare rate and reduced glucocorticoid dosage.

Mucine-1 Is Related to Cell-Mediated Immunoexpression and Blood Pressure in Pulmonary Artery in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH): Preliminary Results.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Mucine-1 (MUC1) increases in primary lung disease; however, no data are available on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Our aim was to analyze MUC1 in PAH and a possible link with pulmonary artery pressure (PAPs), PaO2, PaCO2 and cell-mediated immunity. METHODS: We studied nine PAH patients (four males and five females, aged 52 ± 21 years). The control groups were nine patients with pulmonary hypertensions due to lung disease (PPH; five males and four females, aged 63 ± 18 years) and 14 patients with left heart disease (HPH; four males and ten females, aged 73 ± 13 years). All underwent arterial gas analysis and echocardiography. A serum sample was collected to determine MUC1 and CD40L values on ELISA. RESULTS: No differences were found for PAPs and CD40L. MUC1 resulted in comparable values between PAH and HPH but decreased when compared to PPH (16.46 ± 4.12 vs 116.6 ± 47.08 U/ml, p = 0.049). pO2 was higher in PAH (PAH 83.18 ± 1.77 vs PPH 62.75 ± 3.23 mmHg, p = 0.003; vs HPH 65.83 ± 6.94 mmHg, p = 0.036). pCO2 was lower compared to PPH (36.15 ± 2.19 vs 45.83 ± 3.00 mmHg, p = 0.026) but not compared to HPH. In PAH patients the MUC1 correlated with pO2 (r = -0.91), pCO2 (r = 0.80), PAPs (r = 0.82) and CD40L (r = 0.72) while it did not in PPH and HPH. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data show a possible mechanism of immune stimulation in PAH patients. This may imply an association between lung parenchyma, immunity and increase in vascular resistance. Additional studies are required to confirm these findings.

Halting pro-survival autophagy by TGFß inhibition in bone marrow fibroblasts overcomes bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma patients.

Bortezomib (bort) has improved overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but the majority of them develop drug resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that bone marrow (BM) fibroblasts (cancer-associated fibroblasts; CAFs) from bort-resistant patients are insensitive to bort and protect the RPMI8226 and patients' plasma cells against bort-induced apoptosis. Bort triggers CAFs to produce high levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF) ß. Proteomic studies on CAFs demonstrate that bort resistance parallels activation of oxidative stress and pro-survival autophagy. Indeed, bort induces reactive oxygen species in bort-resistant CAFs and activates autophagy by increasing light chain 3 protein (LC3)-II and inhibiting p62 and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin. The small-interfering RNA knockdown of Atg7, and treatment with 3-methyladenine, restores bort sensitivity in bort-resistant CAFs and produces cytotoxicity in plasma cells co-cultured with CAFs. In the syngeneic 5T33 MM model, bort-treatment induces the expansion of LC3-II(+) CAFs. TGFß mediates bort-induced autophagy, and its blockade by LY2109761, a selective TßRI/II inhibitor, reduces the expression of p-Smad2/3 and LC3-II and induces apoptosis in bort-resistant CAFs. A combination of bort and LY2109761 synergistically induces apoptosis of RPMI8226 co-cultured with bort-resistant CAFs. These data define a key role for CAFs in bort resistance of plasma cells and provide the basis for a novel targeted therapeutic approach.

Effects of adjuvants for human use in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone (New Zealand black/New Zealand white) F1 mice.

The safety of four different adjuvants was assessed in lupus-prone New Zealand black/New Zealand white (BW)F1 mice. Four groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), squalene (SQU) or aluminium hydroxide (ALU). An additional group received plain phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (UNT group). Mice were primed at week 9 and boosted every other week up to week 15. Proteinuria became detectable at weeks 17 (IFA group), 24 (CFA group), 28 (SQU and ALU groups) and 32 (UNT group). Different mean values were obtained among the groups from weeks 17 to 21 [week 17: one-way analysis of variance (anova) P = 0·016; weeks 18 and 19: P = 0·048; weeks 20 and 21: P = 0·013] being higher in the IFA group than the others [Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) post-test P < 0·05]. No differences in anti-DNA antibody levels were observed among groups. Anti-RNP/Sm antibody developed at week 19 in only one CFA-treated mouse. Mean mouse weight at week 18 was lower in the ALU group than the IFA (Tukey's HSD post-test P = 0·04), CFA (P = 0·01) and SQU (P < 0·0001) groups, while the mean weight in the SQU group was higher than in the IFA (P = 0·009), CFA (P = 0·013) and UNT (P = 0·005) groups. The ALU group weight decreased by almost half between weeks 29 and 31, indicating some toxic effect of ALU in the late post-immunization period. Thus, SQU was the least toxic adjuvant as it did not (i) accelerate proteinuria onset compared to IFA; (ii) induce toxicity compared to ALU or (iii) elicit anti-RNP/Sm autoantibody, as occurred in the CFA group.

Bone marrow fibroblasts parallel multiple myeloma progression in patients and mice: in vitro and in vivo studies.

The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has not been previously studied in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, cytofluorimetric analysis revealed higher proportions of bone marrow (BM) CAFs in patients with active MM (both at diagnosis and relapse) compared with patients in remission or those with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or deficiency anemia (controls). CAFs from MM patients produced increased levels of transforming growth factor-ß, interleukin-6, stromal cell-derived factor-1α, insulin-like growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 and displayed an activated and heterogeneous phenotype, which supported their origin from resident fibroblasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells via the endothelial-mesenchymal transition as well as mesenchymal stem cells via the mesenchymal transition, as both of these processes are induced by MM cells and CAFs. Active MM CAFs fostered chemotaxis, adhesion, proliferation and apoptosis resistance in MM cells through cytokine signals and cell-to-cell contact, which were inhibited by blocking CXCR4, several integrins and fibronectin. MM cells also induced the CAFs proliferation. In syngeneic 5T33MM and xenograft mouse models, MM cells induced the expansion of CAFs, which, in turn, promoted MM initiation and progression as well as angiogenesis. In BM biopsies from patients and mice, nests of CAFs were found in close contact with MM cells, suggesting a supportive niche. Therefore, the targeting of CAFs in MM patients may be envisaged as a novel therapeutic strategy.

Severe pulmonary hypertension as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and review of the literature.

Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is rarely observed as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and the diagnosis is often delayed. Here we present the case of a 32-year-old woman with severe PAH as the initial manifestation of SLE, who was successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine. This case offered the opportunity to critically review the epidemiology data, predictive markers, and pathogenic pathways of SLE-associated PAH (SLE-PAH) in relation to the currently available therapeutic options and to the main clinical trials of the last 10 years focused on the treatment of SLE-PAH. Mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine - currently used in the maintenance phase of the disease in certain clinical settings - should be considered, as an alternative to cyclophosphamide, in future clinical trials aimed at evaluating the most effective treatment of SLE-PAH at presentation.

CD20-depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases: from basic research to the clinic.

The B lymphocyte-associated antigen CD20 is becoming an important immunotherapy target for autoimmune diseases, although its biological function has not been defined. Besides rheumatoid arthritis, growing experience with B cell-depleting therapy indicates that it may be effective in Sjögren's syndrome, dermatomyositis-polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and some types of vasculitides. However, controlled clinical trials are still lacking for some of these indications. Infection has not been seen as a major limitation to this therapy, but reports of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an extremely small number of patients are of concern. Here, we review the therapeutic actions of anti-CD20 antibodies, and the recent and ongoing clinical trials with CD20-depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases.

HLA DR-DQ combination associated with the increased risk of developing human HCV positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is related to the type II mixed cryoglobulinemia.

This investigation was focused on the contribution of individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and -DQ alleles to the human hepatitis C virus (HCV)(+) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), with and without mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), to study whether individual HLA class II alleles are expressed preferentially or equally in human HCV-specific NHL. For this purpose, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from two groups of patients with HCV(+) NHL and with or without MC (70 and 71 cases, respectively), and from 4575 blood donors. Eighty-three subjects with HCV infection only, and 118 patients with MC, only without lymphoma, were added as additional control groups. Individual HLA-DR and -DQ alleles were determined using high-resolution sequence-based typing and then data were collected by considering the HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 supertypes on the basis of common structural and functional features, proposed by in silico Bioinformatic studies. From the data, it is evidenced that the DR5-DQ3 HLA combination was strongly associated with the HCV (+) MC (+) NHL group of patients compared with bone marrow donor population (P

HCV-NS3 and IgG-Fc crossreactive IgM in patients with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia and B-cell clonal proliferations.

We demonstrate that in three cases of MC (two with immunocytoma), the IgM-RF+ component of their cryoprecipitated represents the circulating counterpart of the B-cell receptor (BCR) of the monoclonal overexpanded B-cell population. These IgMs were isolated and used to demonstrate a crossreactivity against both hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 antigen and the Fc portion of IgG. Epitopes were identified in a fraction of exemplary samples by using epitope excision approach (NS(31250-1334) and IgG Fc(345-355)). The same phenomenon of crossreactivity has been shown to occur in vivo after immunization of a mouse with the NS3(1251-1270) peptide. To verify if the same reaction was also present in MC samples characterized by an oligo/polyclonal B-cell proliferation, IgM crossreactivity was tested in 14 additional samples. Five out of the 14 were reactive against HCV NS3 and 11 out of 14 were reactive against IgG-Fc peptide. The data support the role of HCV NS3 antigen in a subset of patients with MC, whereas the high frequency of the IgG-Fc epitope suggests that these B cells originate from precursors strongly selected for auto-IgG specificity. We suggest that engagement of specific BCRs by NS3 (or NS3-immunocomplex) antigen could explain the prevalence of IgM cryoglobulins in these patients.

The cryoglobulins: an overview.

Cryoglobulins are cold-precipitable immunoglobulins associated with a number of infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic disorders. Their appearance along with rheumatoid factor (RF) can be considered a normal event in the clearance of immune complexes and rarely produces any symptoms. The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) has been rendered evident since the recognition of serological markers of HCV infection. There is thus every reason to suppose that direct or indirect involvement of B cells on the part of the HCV results in their persistent stimulation, clonal expansion and release of molecules with RF activity. The formation of RF/IgG immune complexes is the key pathogenetic mechanism. The close correlation between HCV infection and MC also throws new light on the interpretation of autoimmune phenomena in the course of viral infection and on the close link between autoimmune diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders. The higher risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) displayed by HCV positive subjects, especially in the Mediterranean basin, suggests that the HCV's chronic lymphoproliferative drive may progress towards frank lymphoid neoplasia. The presence of MC does not represent an in situ or 'occult' NHL, because recent evidences indicate that none of the clones interpreted as predominant displays the molecular features of a true neoplastic process. The cryoglobulinemic syndrome is probably the consequence of pathogenic noxae that act upon the immune system of a host in which regulation of the peripheral T cell response appears to be in some way altered.

Molecular characterization of B cell clonal expansions in the liver of chronically hepatitis C virus-infected patients.

PCR DNA amplification of IgH genes was performed on liver biopsy samples of 42 unselected hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive patients. Genotypic analysis and signal amplification by branched DNA were used to characterize and quantitate HCV RNA genomic sequences. Intraportal lymphoid follicle-like structures were isolated from surrounding hepatocytes by microdissection technique. IgH VDJ PCR products were cloned and sequenced. IgH VDJ gene rearrangements were detected in the liver of 26 (62%) patients. Unequivocal monoclonal or oligoclonal patterns of B cell expansions were found in 14 (33.3%) and 12 (28.6%) patients, respectively. Patients with intrahepatic B cell monoclonal expansions showed liver HCV RNA levels higher than those with oligoclonal or polyclonal features (1106.4 +/- 593.5 vs 677.3 +/- 424.3 vs 406.2 +/- 354.3 pg HCV RNA/g tissue; p = 0.048 and p = 0.001, respectively). Although a single dominant band was obtained with total DNA, characterization of DNA recovered from intraportal inflammatory aggregates resulted in the detection of multiple IgH VDJ gene rearrangements, pointing to an oligoclonal pattern of lymphoproliferation. Cloning and sequence analyses showed that B cell clonalities were differently distributed in adjacent portal tracts of the same liver area. In addition, HCV RNA genomic sequences could be consistently amplified from each of the portal inflammatory aggregates examined. These data support the concept that in chronic HCV infection the intrahepatic B cell repertoire is frequently clonally restricted and that HCV may have a direct role in sustaining in situ B cell proliferation.

Cyclosporine-A plus steroids versus steroids alone in the 12-month treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

The positive results obtained with cyclosporine-A both in an experimental model and in selected patients with advanced systemic lupus erythematosus support the hypothesis that the drug could be used as a steroid sparer in the earliest stages of active disease. To determine the 12-month clinical efficacy (disease control and steroid sparing), safety, and tolerability of low-dose cyclosporine-A plus steroids versus steroids alone, we designed a multicenter, open, prospective, randomized, pilot study, controlled for parallel groups. The patients were then followed up to month 24. A total of 18 consenting patients with recently diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus of moderate severity indicated for the use of steroids in acute boluses and subsequently per os were enrolled at two university hospital medical centers. The protocol was based on three 1-g boluses of 6-methylprednisolone followed by cyclosporine-A (<5 mg/kg per day) plus prednisone 0.5-1 mg/kg per day per os, reduced by 5 mg/day every 2 weeks following clinical remission, versus the same doses of oral prednisone alone. The efficacy evaluation was based on a four-point scale (from absent/none to severe) for signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus and immunoserological parameters. The disease activity index and cumulative prednisone dose per patient were analyzed. Any adverse events were reported. All patients showed a reduction in disease activity index within the 1st month. The results were significantly better in the group with cyclosporine-A plus prednisone throughout month 12 (baseline and 12-month disease activity indexes: 21.3+/-8.6 and 5.0+/-2.5 versus 20.4+/-7.1 and 8.8+/-6.0 in the prednisone group, P<0.05). The 12-month cumulative mean dose of prednisone was significantly lower in the group with both cyclosporine-A plus prednisone (179.4+/-40.1 versus 231.8+/-97.1 mg/kg, P<0.005). No unusual adverse events related to the study drugs have been reported. In particular, renal function and blood pressure monitoring revealed no significant changes from mean baseline values in either group. No disease flares were reported in the group treated with cyclosporine-A plus prednisone during the 12- to 24-month period. Thus cyclosporine-A represents a useful corticosteroid sparer in the maintenance of clinical remission in patients with an early-stage, active systemic lupus erythematosus.

The lymphoid system in hepatitis C virus infection: autoimmunity, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and Overt B-cell malignancy.

Like other hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) shares the property of inducing hepatocellular damage, possibly through induction of immune mechanisms that lead to hepatocellular necrosis. After infection of hepatocytes, and possibly other cells, humoral and cellular responses occur aimed at prevention of virus dissemination and elimination of infected cells. The early activated mechanisms include production of nonspecific and specific antibodies that represent the first-line of defense against invading foreign pathogens. As a consequence, circulating immune complexes are promptly formed, and antigen uptake and processing by specialized cells are enhanced. A major fraction of circulating immunoglobulins (Igs) are part of the spectrum of the so-called natural antibodies, which include anti-idiotypic antibodies and molecules with rheumatoid factor (RF) activity. They mainly belong to the IgM class, are polyclonal, and have no intrinsic pathogenetic potential. In 20-30% of HCV-infected patients, RFs share characteristics of high affinity molecules, are monoclonal in nature, and result in the production of cold-precipitating immune complexes and mixed cryoglobulinemia. It has been shown that anti-idiotypic antibodies and polyclonal and monoclonal RF molecules have the same cross-reactive idiotype, called WA, suggesting that their production is highly restricted. This strongly indicates that they arise from stimulation with the same antigen, likely HCV. It has also been speculated that B-1 (CD5+) and B-2 (CD5-) B-cell subsets, which use a limited number of VH germline genes, underlie the production of low-affinity polyclonal and high-affinity monoclonal antibodies, respectively. The persistent production of monoclonal RF molecules implies the existence of a further mechanism capable of restricting the reactivity and reflects a distinct selection of a cell population that can be maintained throughout life because they are continuously exposed to antigen pressure. Either polyclonal or monoclonal profiles of B-cell expansion are demonstrable in the liver of most HCV-infected patients. The occurrence of B-cell clonal expansion is strictly related to intrahepatic production of RF molecules, and this suggests that liver is a microenvironment, other than lymphoid tissue, in which a germinal centerlike reaction is induced. The frequent detection of oligoclonal B-cell expansion may, indeed, represent a key pathobiologic feature that sustains nonmalignant B-cell lymphoproliferation. The preferential expansion of one clone would in turn lead to a monoclonal pattern that could favor stochastic oncogenic events. It can be postulated that HCV is the stimulus not only for the apparent benign lymphoproliferative process underlying a wide spectrum of clinical features, but also for the progression to frank lymphoid malignancy in a subgroup of patients. Current data indicate a higher prevalence of overt B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HCV-infected patients, especially in some geographic areas.

Short term treatment with Escherichia coli recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor prior to chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease.

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) administration stimulates the proliferation of hemopoietic progenitors. Shortly (48-96 hours) after its discontinuation, feedback phenomena occur and the progenitor proliferation rate drops below baseline levels. As the quiescence of hyperplastic bone marrow suggests that hemopoietic cells may be refractory to the toxic effects of cytostatic drugs, the decision was made to test the hypothesis that GM-CSF given before chemotherapy may be myeloprotective. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with newly diagnosed Stage II-IV Hodgkin disease, ages 18-77 years, were randomized to receive GM-CSF (5 microg/kg subcutaneously) or placebo from Day 7 to Day 4 before each chemotherapy administration (6 cycles of a hybrid of mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine). The treatment was considered a success if the delivery rate of chemotherapy was >90% after 3 cycles and >80% after 6 cycles. RESULTS: Thirty patients received GM-CSF and 26 placebo. The dose intensity (85.2% vs. 79.6%) and the overall success in terms of delivery rate (56.7% vs. 50%) were higher in the GM-CSF group, although these differences were not statistically significant. The neutrophil nadirs were higher in the GM-CSF group during the first three cycles and subsequently similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in terms of myelotoxicity or drug delivery were observed between the two treatment arms. Although the myeloprotective effect of the prechemotherapy administration of GM-CSF seems to be minimal, the data indicate a safe timing between GM-CSF discontinuation and further chemotherapy. Because cumulative myelotoxicity has been observed with other growth factors, given in the interval between the chemotherapy cycles, this may be relevant to the planning of rapid cycling.

Gastric mucosa as an additional extrahepatic localization of hepatitis C virus: viral detection in gastric low-grade lymphoma associated with autoimmune disease and in chronic gastritis.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been linked to B-cell lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity, and has been localized in several tissues. The clinical observation of an HCV-infected patient with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and Helicobacter pylori (HP) positive gastric low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which did not regress after HP eradication, led us to investigate the possible localization of HVC in the gastric microenvironment. HCV genome and antigens were searched in gastric biopsy specimens from the previously mentioned case, as well as from 9 additional HCV-infected patients (8 with chronic gastritis and 1 with gastric low-grade B-cell NHL). HCV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry procedures were used. The gastric B-cell NHL from the patient with SS was characterized by molecular analyses of B-cell clonality. HCV RNA was detected in both the gastric low-grade B-cell NHL and in 3 out of 6 gastric samples from the remaining cases. HCV antigens were detected in the residual glandular cells within the gastric B-cell NHL lesions, in glandular cells from 2 of the 3 additional gastric lesions that were HCV positive by PCR, and in 1 additional chronic gastritis sample in which HCV-RNA studies could not be performed. By molecular analyses, of immunoglobulin genes, the B-cell NHL from the patient with SS was confirmed to be a primary gastric lymphoma, subjected to ongoing antigenic stimulation and showing a significant similarity with rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-HCV- antibody sequences. Our results show that HCV can localize in the gastric mucosa.

Localized AL amyloidosis of the colon and clinical features of intestinal obstruction. A case report.

The term amyloidosis refers to a group of disorders characterized by the extracellular accumulation of insoluble, fibrillar proteins (i.e. amyloid) in various organs and apparatuses. Local deposition of amyloid without systemic involvement is a rather uncommon form that gives rise to an amyloid pseudo-tumor or "amyloidoma". This paper describes the clinical features of an intestinal subocclusion observed in an elderly patient with localized primary amyloidosis of the transverse colon. The endoscopic picture indicated a stenosing neoplasm. Segmentary colectomy, however, followed by histological examination (characteristic green color in polarized light after staining with Congo red) and immunohistochemical analysis of the resected tissue, revealed massive deposits of amyloid composed of lambda light chains in the interstitial connective, and perivascular tissue and muscular tunic, and resulted in a diagnosis of AL amyloidosis. This was successfully treated with a combination of melphalan and prednisone.

Hepatitis C virus infection involves CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells in hepatitis C virus chronic carriers.

Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) mainly affects hepatocytes, infection is widespread and involves immunologically privileged sites. Whether lymphoid cells represent further targets of early HCV infection, or whether other cells in the hematopoietic microenvironment may serve as a potential virus reservoir, is still unclear. We studied whether pluripotent hematopoietic CD34(+) cells support productive HCV infection and can be used to establish an in vitro infection system for HCV. Six patients were selected as part of a cohort of HCV chronic carriers who developed a neoplastic disease. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and branched DNA signal amplification assays were used to detect and quantitate HCV RNA in extracted nucleic acids from purified bone marrow and peripheral blood CD34(+) cells. Direct in situ RT-PCR, flow cytometry analysis, and immunocytochemistry were applied to demonstrate specific viral genomic sequences and structural and nonstructural virus-related proteins in intact cells. Results indicated that both positive and negative HCV RNA strands and viral proteins were present in CD34(+) cells from all HCV-positive patients and in none of the controls. Additional experiments showed that a complete viral cycle took place in CD34(+) cells in vitro. Spontaneous increases in viral titers indicated that virions were produced by infected hematopoietic progenitor cells. To further define the cellular tropism, we attempted to infect CD34(+) cells in vitro. We were unable to demonstrate viral uptake by cells. These findings suggest that HCV replication can occur in the early differentiation stages of hematopoietic progenitor cells, and that they may be an important source of virus production.

In situ simultaneous detection of hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis C virus-related antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The overwhelming evidence that chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is based on epidemiologic, case-control, and cohort studies as well as laboratory investigations. To address better the pathogenesis of HCV infection at the single-cell level, the authors developed a specific reproducible method for the simultaneous detection of HCV specific sequences and antigens in liver tissue, using a combination of nonradioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. METHODS: After immunohistochemical staining of the liver sections for E2/NS-1, C22-3, C33c, C100-3, and NS-5 antigens with immunogold-silver technique, in situ hybridization was performed on the same sections using digoxigenin-labeled HCV 5' NonCoding specific probes. The hybridization signal was detected by an antidigoxigenin, Fab fragment-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. This simultaneous detection permitted the subcellular localization of HCV RNA and antigens with excellent preservation of tissue morphology and absence of background staining. In addition, the types and percentages of cells harboring HCV in tissue could be determined. RESULTS: The in situ detection of HCV showed positive signals in both cancerous and noncancerous areas of liver tissue in six of six HCV-infected patients with HCC and in none of four controls, including three HCV negative HCC patients and one patient with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Two classes of infected cells were distinguished throughout the liver: (1) cells containing large amounts of negative-stranded HCV RNA, which were probably undergoing active viral replication; and (2) cells displaying positive-stranded HCV RNA only, with unpredictable levels of viral replication. Both types expressed core, envelope, and NS-3, -4, and -5 proteins. HCV RNA and antigens were exclusively cytoplasmic. Detection of viral proteins was highly predictive of the presence of large amounts of HCV RNA in the same cell. Fewer HCV positive cells were consistently demonstrated in the cancerous area. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the contention that HCV infects hepatocytes and replicates in them, even after their malignant transformation.