Immune Response and Microbiota Profiles during Coinfection with Plasmodium vivax and Soil-Transmitted Helminths.

The role of the gut microbiota during coinfection with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and Plasmodium spp. is poorly understood. We examined peripheral blood and fecal samples from 130 individuals who were either infected with Plasmodium vivax only, coinfected with P. vivax and STH, infected with STH alone, or not infected with either P. vivax or STH. In addition to a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood samples was performed by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), fecal microbial communities were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and circulating cytokine levels were measured by bead-based immunoassays. Differences in blood cell counts, including an increased percentage of neutrophils, associated with a transcriptional signature of neutrophil activation, were driven primarily by P. vivax infection. P. vivax infection was also associated with increased levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-10; these cytokine levels were not affected by STH coinfection. Surprisingly, P. vivax infection was more strongly associated with differences in the microbiota than STH infection. Children infected with only P. vivax exhibited elevated Bacteroides and reduced Prevotella and Clostridiaceae levels, but these differences were not observed in individuals coinfected with STH. We also observed that P. vivax parasitemia was higher in the STH-infected population. When we used machine learning to identify the most important predictors of the P. vivax parasite burden (among P. vivax-infected individuals), bacterial taxa were the strongest predictors of parasitemia. In contrast, circulating transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) was the strongest predictor of the Trichuris trichiura egg burden. This study provides unexpected evidence that the gut microbiota may have a stronger link with P. vivax than with STH infection.IMPORTANCEPlasmodium (malaria) and helminth parasite coinfections are frequent, and both infections can be affected by the host gut microbiota. However, the relationship between coinfection and the gut microbiota is unclear. By performing comprehensive analyses on blood/stool samples from 130 individuals in Colombia, we found that the gut microbiota may have a stronger relationship with the number of P. vivax (malaria) parasites than with the number of helminth parasites infecting a host. Microbiota analysis identified more predictors of the P. vivax parasite burden, whereas analysis of blood samples identified predictors of the helminth parasite burden. These results were unexpected, because we expected each parasite to be associated with greater differences in its biological niche (blood for P. vivax and the intestine for helminths). Instead, we find that bacterial taxa were the strongest predictors of P. vivax parasitemia levels, while circulating TGF-ß levels were the strongest predictor of helminth parasite burdens.

Detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in Tierralta, Colombia using four parasitological methods / Detección de Strongyloides stercoralis en Tierralta, Colombia, utilizando cuatro métodos parasitológicos

Introduction: soil-borne helminth Strongyloides stercoralis is one of the most neglected among neglected tropical diseases. A study was conducted of the presence of S. stercoralis in a village from the department of Córdoba, Colombia, with the purpose of comparing the effectiveness of several diagnostic methods. Methods: stool samples from 262 persons were evaluated. Each sample was examined with four parasitological techniques: direct examination, agar plate culture (APC), the modified Baermann method, and the Harada-Mori technique. Results: S. stercoralis was detected by at least one of the techniques in four of the 262 samples: the Harada-Mori technique detected 2 cases, APC 1 case and direct examination 1 case. The modified Baermann method did not detect any case. No significant differences were found when comparing the techniques. Conclusions: results show that S. stercoralis is not endemic in the village of Córdoba, and that parasitological techniques should be used in combination to improve the quality of diagnosis.

Introducción: el helminto transmitido por el suelo, Strongyloides stercoralis es uno de los más olvidados entre las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas. Estudiamos la presencia de S. stercoralis en un pueblo en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia, y evaluamos comparativamente el desempeño de diferentes métodos diagnósticos. Métodos: se evaluaron muestras de heces tomadas de 262 personas; cada muestra fue examinada usando cuatro técnicas parasitológicas: examen directo, método de agar en placa (APC), la técnica de Baermann modificado y el método de Harada-Mori. Resultados: S. stercoralis se detectó en cuatro de las 262 muestras evaluadas por al menos una de las técnicas utilizadas; el método deHarada-Mori detectó 2 casos, APC 1 caso y el examen directo 1 caso, mientras que la técnica de la Baermann modificado no detectó casos. No hubo diferencias significativas al comparar las técnicas. Conclusiones: estos resultados permiten concluir que S. stercoralis no es endémico en el pueblo de Córdoba y que las técnicas parasitológicas deben ser combinadas para mejorar el diagnóstico.