ABSTRACT
Although the effect of smoking cessation on weight gain is well-documented, little is known about the effect of weight loss on smoking. We examined the association between saliva cotinine levels and weight loss in a group of 9 obese female smokers during participation in a protein-sparing modified fast (Optifast). For the first 3 months of treatment, subjects consumed only the protein-sparing supplement; for the next 3 months, food was gradually reintroduced. Body mass index and saliva cotinine concentration were assessed at study entry and at 3 and 6 months. A significant weight loss was noted at 3 and 6 months, yet the cotinine level increased significantly over this time. It is unclear whether the cotinine increase is due to metabolic changes or an actual increase in nicotine intake. The results suggest that smoking-related health risks may increase during periods of significant weight loss.
Subject(s)
Cotinine/pharmacokinetics , Obesity/physiopathology , Saliva/metabolism , Smoking/physiopathology , Weight Loss/physiology , Adult , Behavior Therapy , Body Mass Index , Combined Modality Therapy , Diet, Reducing/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Obesity/diet therapyABSTRACT
This study sought to clarify why elderly adults underutilize mental health services. One hundred ten elderly individuals were asked to imagine experiencing symptoms described in a vignette and to appraise their responsibility for the problem and for its solution, their willingness to seek help, and their preference among sources of help. Results indicated that perception of problems as either medical or psychological significantly affected how elders appraised responsibility. Although attributions were unrelated to help-seeking for medical problems, elderly persons feeling responsible for psychological problems were more likely to seek help for them. Perceived responsibility predicted the sources of help (e.g., social network, physicians, mental health workers) selected by elders who believed that their problems were medical, but not for problems thought to be psychological. A discussion of the reasons for their underutilization of mental health services is presented, with an emphasis on the practical implications of the results.
