Leukotrienes, but not angiotensin II, are involved in the renal effects elicited by the prolonged cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition when sodium intake is low.

It is known that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition elicits significant renal hemodynamics alterations when sodium intake is low. However, the mechanisms involved in these renal changes are not well known. Our objective was to evaluate the role of angiotensin II and 5-lipooxygenase-derived metabolites in the renal effects induced by prolonged COX-2 inhibition when sodium intake is low. Conscious dogs were treated during 7 days with a COX-2 inhibitor (1 mg·kg·d, SC75416), and either a vehicle, an AT1 receptor antagonist (0.4 mg · kg · d, candesartan) or a selective 5-lipooxygenase inhibitor (PF-150, 20 and 60 mg · kg · d). The administration of SC75416 alone induced significant changes in renal blood flow (219 ± 14 to 160 ± 10 mL/min), glomerular filtration rate (51 ± 2 to 42 ± 3 mL/min), and plasma potassium (pK) (4.3 ± 0.1 to 4.6 ± 0.1 mEq/L). Similar decrements in renal blood flow (27%) and glomerular filtration rate (20%) and a similar increment in pK (7%) were found when SC75416 was administered in candesartan-pretreated dogs. However, SC75416 administration did not elicit significant changes in renal hemodynamics and pK in dogs pretreated with each dose of PF-150. Our data suggest that leukotrienes but not angiotensin II are involved in the renal effects induced by COX-2 inhibition when sodium intake is low.

Online immunoaffinity LC/MS/MS. A general method to increase sensitivity and specificity: How do you do it and what do you need?

There is an increased emphasis on hyphenated techniques such as immunoaffinity LC/MS/MS (IA-LC/MS/MS) or IA-LC/MRM. These techniques offer competitive advantages with respect to sensitivity and selectivity over traditional LC/MS and are complementary to ligand binding assays (LBA) or ELISA's. However, these techniques are not entirely straightforward and there are several tips and tricks to routine sample analysis. We describe here our methods and procedures for how to perform online IA-LC/MS/MS including a detailed protocol for the preparation of antibody (Ab) enrichment columns. We have included sample trapping and Ab methods. Furthermore, we highlight tips, tricks, minimal and optimal approaches. This technology has been shown to be viable for several applications, species and fluids from small molecules to proteins and biomarkers to PK assays.

Discovery of an Oral Potent Selective Inhibitor of Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase (HPGDS).

Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS) is primarly expressed in mast cells, antigen-presenting cells, and Th-2 cells. HPGDS converts PGH2 into PGD2, a mediator thought to play a pivotal role in airway allergy and inflammatory processes. In this letter, we report the discovery of an orally potent and selective inhibitor of HPGDS that reduces the antigen-induced response in allergic sheep.

ADAM-8 isolated from human osteoarthritic chondrocytes cleaves fibronectin at Ala(271).

OBJECTIVE: Fibronectin fragments are thought to play a critical role in the initiation and progression of cartilage degradation in arthritis. In a recent study, fibronectin neoepitopes resulting from cleavage of intact fibronectin at the Ala(271)/Val(272) scissile bond, generating an approximately 30-kd fragment with the new C-terminus VRAA(271) and an approximately 50-85-kd fragment with the new N-terminus (272)VYQP, were identified in osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage. The present study was undertaken to isolate the enzymes responsible for this cleavage from human OA chondrocytes. METHODS: Fibronectin-degrading activity in human OA chondrocyte-conditioned medium (OACCM) was purified using conventional chromatography. A fluorescent peptide was developed based on the fibronectin scissile bond (269)RAA downward arrowVal(272), and this peptide was used to track fibronectinase activity during purification. Western blotting with antibodies that detect the fibronectin neoepitopes VRAA(271) and (272)VYQP was used to confirm cleavage of intact fibronectin by the enzymatically active fractions. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the proteins found in the fibronectinase-enriched fractions, with further confirmation by Western blotting. In addition, a recombinant enzyme identified by mass spectrometry was tested by Western blotting and dimethylmethylene blue assay for its ability to produce fibronectin neoepitopes in OA cartilage. RESULTS: Purification of OACCM by chromatography resulted in isolation of a fibronectin-degrading enzyme, and mass spectrometry identified ADAM-8 as the fibronectinase present in these preparations. Furthermore, treatment of OA cartilage with recombinant human ADAM-8 promoted cartilage catabolism. CONCLUSION: The results of this study identify ADAM-8 as a fibronectinase in human OA chondrocytes. Because ADAM-8 is capable of producing the fibronectin neoepitopes VRAA(271) and (272)VYQP in human OA cartilage, this enzyme may be an important mediator of cartilage catabolism.

Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine is a biomarker in animal models of arthritis: Pharmacological dissection of iNOS' role in disease.

The contribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to oxidative/nitrative stress is well-documented in inflammation, but difficult to quantify. Using a novel, recently developed assay for 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), we characterized iNOS activity and its inhibition in preclinical models of inflammation. In particular, we utilized the 3-NT assay to assess the role of iNOS in the disease pathology as well as for proof of pharmacology of iNOS inhibitors in an acute endotoxin challenge model, in models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) such as rat adjuvant- and collagen-induced arthritis (AIA and CIA) and a model of osteoarthritis (OA) such as rat sodium monoiodoacetate-induced arthritis (MIA). Quantification of nitrotyrosine was performed using immuno-affinity 2-D LC-MS/MS assay. This assay is a very specific and reproducible and is amenable to a number of biological fluids. Plasma levels of 3-NT were significantly elevated in an acute model of inflammation (rat LPS) and in models of rheumatoid arthritis (adjuvant- and collagen-induced arthritis), and osteoarthritis (monoiodoacetate-induced arthritis). Plasma 3-NT correlated with the severity of the inflammatory response; thus, a 20-fold increase was observed in the rat LPS model, a 10-fold increase in AIA, and only a 2.5-fold elevation in CIA. Pharmacological intervention with iNOS inhibitors decreased 3-NT levels and associated pathology. 3-NT determination allowed for better elucidation of the role of iNOS in RA and OA disease pathology and provided proof of pharmacology for NOS inhibitors in animal models of RA and OA.

Immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection of nitrotyrosine in biological fluids: development of a clinically translatable biomarker.

Measurement of nitrotyrosine levels in biological fluids can serve as a biomarker for oxidative/nitrative damage arising from formation of reactive nitrogen species, including peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is formed by the reaction of the superoxide radical (O2.-) with the nitric oxide radical (.NO) that is generated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). This article describes an immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to measure 3-nitrotyrosine at very low (picomolar) levels. Incorporation of a pronase digestion step prior to the immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS allowed for measuring not only free amino acid but also protein 3-nitrotyrosine in biological fluids. The use of an in-line antibody column allowed for increased specificity as compared with previously reported assays. The assay is linear over a range of 5 to 500 pg/ml (0.022-2.20 nM, r(2)=0.9987), with the lower detection limit being 5 pg/ml. In addition to its increased sensitivity and specificity, this assay showed great nitrotyrosine recovery from biological fluids when either nitrotyrosine or nitrotyrosine-containing peptides were added exogenously. The utility of this assay for nitrotyrosine as a clinically translatable biomarker was demonstrated by quantifying both free and total nitrotyrosine levels in various biological fluids, including urine, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and synovial fluid (SF) from both preclinical species and human subjects. Thus, whether in an animal model of human disease or in a clinical setting, the quantification of nitrotyrosine levels should provide support for NOS-driven pathology and its blockade following therapeutic intervention.

Development of improved cell lysis, solubilization and imaging approaches for proteomic analyses.

Analysis of complex biochemical processes at the level of the proteome requires methods that quantitatively solubilize cytosolic and membrane bound proteins yet are compatible with isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, it is often necessary to employ several highly sensitive detection methods to identify key proteins that are modified or exhibit a change in expression levels in response to a given experimental stimulus or condition. Methods were developed that efficiently extract tissues or lyse cultured cells and quantitatively solubilize proteins in a single step without the need to shear nucleic acids. These approaches utilize urea, thiourea, a mixture of detergents, low levels of an ampholyte blend, reductant and a combination of alcohols. To aid in the detection of low abundance proteins and the accurate identification of specific proteins of interest in these samples, two approaches were pursued. In one, proteins are transferred from two-dimensional (2-D) gels to blot membranes. Proteins are then detected by staining with SYPRO Ruby and the resulting 2-D protein pattern is captured using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The blots are then probed with antibodies directed against the protein(s) or functionalities of interest. The resulting chemiluminescent blot image is also generated with the CCD camera and the fluorescent SYPRO Ruby image is recaptured again without moving the membrane. It is thereby possible to generate a direct image overlay of the blot pattern on that of the stained protein pattern. This approach significantly aids in the accurate identification of the dye-stained protein that is detected by the specific antibody. In addition to detecting protein post-gel transfer, a second approach utilizes protein samples labeled with fluorescent dyes prior to 2-D electrophoresis in an effort to increase the sensitivity of protein detection and to facilitate protein quantitation. It is also possible to stain the blots with different dyes and overlay these images as well. Using these approaches, it is possible to perform more rapid and accurate comparative analyses and proteomic, post-gel characterization of proteins of interest than using comparative image analysis of multiple gels.