Novel polymorphisms in the octopamine receptor gene of amitraz resistant population of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, in south India.

The brown dog tick or Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato is an ixodid tick, responsible for the dissemination of pathogens that cause canine infectious diseases besides inflicting the direct effects of tick bite. The hot humid climate of Kerala, a south Indian state, is favorable for propagation of tick vectors and acaricides are the main stay of tick control. Though the resistance against synthetic pyrethroids is reported among these species, the status of amitraz resistance in R. sanguineus s. l. in the country is uncertain due to the lack of molecular characterisation data and scarce literature reports. Hence the present study was focused on the phenotypic detection and preliminary genotypic characterisation of amitraz resistance in the R. sanguineus s. l. A modified larval packet test (LPT) on a susceptible isolate was performed to determine the discriminating dose (DD). Further LPT-DD on 35 tick isolates was carried out to detect amitraz resistance robustly, along with that full dose response bioassays on the resistant isolates were performed. The results indicated that amitraz resistance is prevalent with 49 per cent of the samples being resistant. Amplification of exon 3 of octopamine receptor gene from both the susceptible and resistant larval isolates was carried out. Amplicons of ten pooled amitraz susceptible and ten pooled amitraz resistant representative samples were sequenced and analysed, unveiling a total of three novel non-synonymous mutations in the partial coding region at positions V32A, N41D and V58I in phenotypically resistant larval DNA samples. In silico analysis by homology modelling and molecular docking of the mutated and unmutated receptors showed that these mutations had reduced the binding affinity to amitraz. However, lack of mutations in the octopamine receptor gene in three of the pooled low order resistant R. sanguineus s. l. larval samples could be suggestive of other mechanisms associated with amitraz resistance in the region. Hence, further association studies should be carried out to confirm the association of these mutations with target insensitivity in R. sanguineus s. l. ticks, along with exploring the status of metabolic resistance and other mechanisms of resistance.

Influence of white-light-emitting diodes on primary visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons (V1L5PNs) and remodeling by blue-light-blocking lenses.

Studies have explored the consequences of excessive exposure to white-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the retina. Hence, we aimed to assess the implications of such exposure on structural alterations of the visual cortex, learning and memory, and amelioration by blue-light-blocking lenses (BBLs). Eight-week-old Wistar rats (n = 24) were used for the experiment and divided into four groups (n = 6 in each group) as control, white LED light exposure (LE), BBL Crizal Prevencia-1 (CP), and DuraVision Blue-2 (DB). Animals in the exposure group were exposed to white LED directly for 28 days (12:12-h light/dark cycle), whereas animals in the BBL groups were exposed to similar light with BBLs attached to the LEDs. Post-exposure, a Morris water maze was performed for memory retention, followed by structural analysis of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex. We observed a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the functional test on day 1 and day 2 of training in the LE group. Structural analysis of Golgi-Cox-stained visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons showed significant alterations in the apical and basal branching points (p < 0.001) and basal intersection points (p < 0.001) in the LE group. Post hoc analysis revealed significant changes between (p < 0.001) LE and CP and (p < 0.001) CP and DB groups. Constant and cumulative exposure to white LEDs presented with structural and functional alterations in the visual cortex, which are partly remodeled by BBLs.

Intestinal permeability and inflammatory features of juvenile age correlate with the eventual systemic autoimmunity in lupus-prone female SWR × NZB F1 (SNF1) mice.

The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is about nine times higher in women than in men, and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to this gender bias are not fully understood. Previously, using lupus-prone (SWR × NZB)F1 (SNF1) mice, we have shown that the intestinal immune system could play a role in the initiation and progression of disease in SLE, and depletion of gut microbiota produces more pronounced disease protection in females than in males. Here, we show that the gut permeability features of lupus-prone female SNF1 mice at juvenile ages directly correlate with the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors, faecal IgA abundance and nAg reactivity and the eventual systemic autoantibody levels and proteinuria onset. Furthermore, we observed that the disease protection achieved in female SNF1 mice upon depletion of gut microbiota correlates with the diminished gut inflammatory protein levels, intestinal permeability and circulating microbial DNA levels. However, faecal microbiota transplant from juvenile male and females did not result in modulation of gut inflammatory features or permeability. Overall, these observations suggest that the early onset of intestinal inflammation, systemic autoantibody production and clinical stage disease in lupus-prone females is linked to higher gut permeability in them starting at as early as juvenile age. While the higher gut permeability in juvenile lupus-prone females is dependent on the presence of gut microbes, it appears to be independent of the composition of gut microbiota.

Theoretical aspects of the adsorption of normal and modified base pairs of DNA on graphene models toward DNA sequencing.

A theoretical understanding of the adsorption of DNA base pairs (GC, AT, CAF-T and CAF-C) on the graphene models (Gr, SiGr and SiGr-COOH) is investigated. Among the complexes, SiGr-COOH_AT is found to have the highest adsorption energies of -202.83 kcal/mol. The strong adsorption between DNA base pairs and the SiGr-COOH model leads to concomitant charge transfer responsible for the stability of the corresponding models and is verified with NBO analysis. AIM analysis discloses the high orbital overlap that signifies the strong interaction. Closed-shell interactions are observed through the positive values of total electron density, and it is also observed that Si-O(N) interaction has both covalent and electrostatic characteristics. This is the first theoretical attempt to investigate the adsorption of DNA base pairs on SiGr-COOH, which is more favourable than other models and may call for further experimental studies, which is crucial in developing new bio-sensors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Perception, satisfaction, and self-regulation in a blended learning environment during COVID-19 pandemic among health sciences students: A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has severely impacted the health status of the people and the education of the students affecting their learning process and performance in examinations. Blended learning (hybrid learning) has evolved as one of the convenient and innovative methods of using technologies with the integration of traditional methods, significantly when face-to-face interaction is compromised. This study aimed to assess perception, satisfaction, and self-regulatory learning behaviors among undergraduate health sciences students. METHODS AND MATERIAL: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 550 undergraduate students. The tools used for data collection were demographic proforma, perception scale, satisfaction questionnaire, and self-regulation learning scale, which were self-report questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation and Chi-square test. RESULTS: About 378 (68.7%) out of 550 students preferred traditional face-to-face learning before the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas 276 (50.2%) students chose blended learning after the pandemic. About 424 (77.1%) perceived blended learning positively, 267 (48.5%) were moderately satisfied, and 377 (68.5%) of the students had moderate self-regulation in blended learning. The study revealed a strong, positive relationship, between perception (r = 0.817, P < 0.001), satisfaction (r = 0.710, P < 0.001), and self-regulation (r = 0.722, P < 0.001) in the blended mode of learning. Age, course, year of study, and preference of learning mode were significantly associated with perception, satisfaction, and self-regulation in blended learning at P < 0.05. However, perception, satisfaction, and self-regulation among students did not differ according to gender and students' previous exposure to a blended mode of learning at P > 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: To implement innovative pedagogical techniques using improvised technological assistance in teaching and learning, building up an effective blended learning environment within every institution is essential.

Nickel vanadate nitrogen-doped carbon nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitor electrode.

A nickel-vanadium-based bimetallic precursor was produced using the polymerization process by urea-formaldehyde copolymers. The precursor was then calcined at 800 °C in an argon ambiance to form a Ni3V2O8-NC magnetic nanocomposite. Powerful techniques were used to study the physical characteristics and chemical composition of the fabricated Ni3V2O8-NC electrode. PXRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses proved that the crystal structure of Ni3V2O8-NC included N-doped graphitic carbon. FESEM and TEM analyses imaging showed the distribution of the Ni3V2O8 nanoparticles on the layered graphitic carbon structure. TEM images showed the prepared sample has a particle size of around 10-15 nm with an enhanced active site area of 146 m2/g, as demonstrated by BET analysis. Ni3V2O8-NC nanocomposite exhibits magnetic behaviors and a magnetization saturation value of 35.99 emu/g. The electrochemical (EC) studies of the synthesized Ni3V2O8-NC electrode proceeded in an EC workstation of three-electrode. In a 5 M potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte, the cyclic voltmeter exhibited an enhanced capacitance (CS) of 915 F/g at 50 mV/s. Galvanic charge-discharge (GCD) study also exhibited a superior capacitive improvement of 1045 F/g at a current density (It) of 10 A/g. Moreover, the fabricated Ni3V2O8-NC nanocomposite displays a good power density (Pt) of 356.67 W/kg, improved ion accessibility, and substantial charge storage. At the high energy density (Et) of 67.34 W h/kg, the obtained Pt was 285.17 W/kg. The enhanced GCD rate, cycle stability, and Et of the Ni3V2O8-NC magnetic nanocomposite nominate the sample as an excellent supercapacitor electrode. This study paves the way for developing effective, efficient, affordable, and ecologically friendly electrode materials.

No evidence for trans-generational immune priming in Drosophila melanogaster.

Most organisms are under constant and repeated exposure to pathogens, leading to perpetual natural selection for more effective ways to fight-off infections. This could include the evolution of memory-based immunity to increase protection from repeatedly-encountered pathogens both within and across generations. There is mixed evidence for intra- and trans-generational priming in non-vertebrates, which lack the antibody-mediated acquired immunity characteristic of vertebrates. In this work, we tested for trans-generational immune priming in adult offspring of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, after maternal challenge with 10 different bacterial pathogens. We focused on natural opportunistic pathogens of Drosophila spanning a range of virulence from 10% to 100% host mortality. We infected mothers via septic injury and tested for enhanced resistance to infection in their adult offspring, measured as the ability to suppress bacterial proliferation and survive infection. We categorized the mothers into four classes for each bacterium tested: those that survived infection, those that succumbed to infection, sterile-injury controls, and uninjured controls. We found no evidence for trans-generational priming by any class of mother in response to any of the bacteria.

Can Nurses' Training and Documentation Audit Improve the Oral Care Practice among Patients Receiving Cancer Treatment? Results from the Pretest-Post-Pest Study.

BACKGROUND: Oral complications arising out of radiation therapy and chemotherapy significantly affect the oral health status of patients leading to severe distress. Poor oral health can impair nutritional intake and patient recovery. Trained nurses lack knowledge of oral care of patients receiving cancer treatment. PURPOSE: The study is aimed at training the nurses and conducting a documentation audit to assess the effect of the training on their clinical practice.  Methods: A quantitative research approach was adopted using one group pretest-post-test design to train 72 nurses on oral care of cancer patients working in radiation oncology wards of a tertiary care setting in the southern part of India. After the training program, 80 head and neck cancer patient records were audited to monitor the implementation of oral care. RESULTS: After completing the training program, the knowledge score increased to 13.54 with a mean difference of 4.15 at a p-value <0.001, which indicates that the training was effective, resulting in a gain in knowledge scores. Nurses reported usage of evidence-based intervention, and patient education materials helped them in the clinical practice and a few barriers to oral care practice were identified while implementing the oral care i.e increased frequency of oral care, increased documentation, and time issues. There was poor adherence to the implementation of oral care for cancer patients after the training program, as monitored by a documentation audit. CONCLUSION: Capacity building of the nurses in providing effective oral care of cancer patients will help in improving the standards of cancer nursing practice. An implementation audit of the records would help check adherence to the new oral care practice. A hospital-instituted protocol can result in the effective implementation of the practice change rather than a researcher-introduced protocol.

No evidence for trans-generational immune priming in Drosophila melanogaster.

Most organisms are under constant and repeated exposure to pathogens, leading to perpetual natural selection for more effective ways to fight-off infections. This could include the evolution of memory-based immunity to increase protection from repeatedly-encountered pathogens both within and across generations. There is mixed evidence for intra- and trans-generational priming in non-vertebrates, which lack the antibody-mediated acquired immunity characteristic of vertebrates. In this work, we tested for trans-generational immune priming in adult offspring of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , after maternal challenge with 10 different bacterial pathogens. We focused on natural opportunistic pathogens of Drosophila spanning a range of virulence from 10% to 100% host mortality. We infected mothers via septic injury and tested for enhanced resistance to infection in their adult offspring, measured as the ability to suppress bacterial proliferation and survive infection. We categorized the mothers into four classes for each bacterium tested: those that survived infection, those that succumbed to infection, sterile-injury controls, and uninjured controls. We found no evidence for trans-generational priming by any class of mother in response to any of the bacteria.

STEP IN: Supporting Together Exercise and Play and Improving Nutrition; a Feasibility Study of Parent-Led Group Sessions and Fitness Trackers to Improve Family Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors in a Low-Income, Predominantly Black Population.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric obesity is prevalent and challenging to treat. Although family-centered behavioral management is the gold standard, many families face structural inequities to its access and efficacy. Identifying ways to manage pediatric obesity within primary care is needed. METHODS: This feasibility study included three sequential trials of peer-led group sessions occurring biweekly or monthly between 3/2016 and 2/2017. Parent-child dyads were recruited from a large academic primary care clinic via mailed invitations, prioritizing patients living in local zip codes of historical disinvestment. Eligible patients were 6 to 12 years with a body mass index ≥85th percentile, with parent and child interest in making healthy lifestyle changes, and English speaking. RESULTS: 27 dyads participated, 77% were non-Hispanic Black. Retention and attendance rates were highest in the initial four-session biweekly pilot (100%, 0 dropouts), high in the full six-session biweekly cohort (83%, 1 dropout), and moderate in the monthly cohort (62.7%, 4 dropouts). Families reported high satisfaction with the sessions (4.75/5). Qualitative comments suggested social connections had motivated behavior change in some families. CONCLUSION: Parent-led group sessions for pediatric weight management show promise in engaging families. A future large trial is needed to assess behavior change and anthropometric outcomes.

The pattern of smartphone usage, smartphone addiction, and associated subjective health problems associated with smartphone use among undergraduate nursing students.

BACKGROUND: The usage of smartphones has become common among adolescents, despite knowing the health-related problems of the user. Currently, the availability of electronic gadgets has become economical and this has an impact on society, especially on the behavior of adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used to find the pattern of smartphone usage, smartphone addiction, and subjective health problems associated with smartphone usage. The data were obtained from 270 nursing students using the convenient sampling technique using a sociodemographic proforma, semi-structured questionnaire on the pattern of smartphone usage, Smartphone Addiction Scale, self-reported subjective health problems questionnaire, and study habits scale. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive and inferential statistics was used for the analysis using SPSS 16.0. RESULTS: The study findings revealed that most of the participants 243 (90.0%) were using 4G phones. The majority 88 (32.60%) of the participants were using a smartphone for less than 2 hours at a stretch in a day. Most uses of a smartphone were in the night 155 (57.40%). The main usage of a smartphone was for entertainment purposes 213 (78.90%). Most of the participants 196 (72.6%) were moderately addicted to smartphones. One-third 109 (40.2%) of the participants complained of headache, followed by straining of the eyes 83 (30.6%). CONCLUSION: The awareness of smartphone addiction and health-related problems associated with smartphone usage has been shown to decrease its impact. The study concluded that it is very much necessary to identify the pattern of smartphone usage, to prevent the consequences of addiction and health problems associated with smartphone usage.

Blue-Light-Blocking Lenses Ameliorate Structural Alterations in the Rodent Hippocampus.

Evidence suggests that prolonged blue-light exposure can impact vision; however, less is known about its impact on non-visual higher-order functions in the brain, such as learning and memory. Blue-light-blocking lenses (BBLs) claim to reduce these potential impacts. Hence, we assessed structural and functional hippocampal alterations following blue-light exposure and the protective efficacy of BBLs. Male Wistar rats were divided into (n = 6 in each group) normal control (NC), blue-light exposure (LE), and blue-light with BBLs (Crizal Prevencia, CP and DuraVision Blue, DB) groups. After 28 days of light exposure (12:12 light: dark cycle), rats were trained for the Morris water maze memory retention test, and brain tissues were sectioned for hippocampal neuronal analysis using Golgi and Cresyl violet stains. The memory retention test was significantly delayed (p < 0.05) in LE compared with DB groups on day 1 of training. Comparison of Golgi-stained neurons showed significant structural alterations, particularly in the basal dendrites of hippocampal neurons in the LE group, with BBLs significantly mitigating these structural changes (p < 0.05). Comparison of Cresyl-violet-stained neurons revealed significantly (p < 0.001) increased degenerated hippocampal neurons in LE rats, with fewer degenerated neurons in the CP lens group for CA1 neurons (p < 0.05), and for both CP and DB groups (p < 0.05) for CA3 neurons. Thus, in addition to documented effects on visual centers, high-level blue-light exposure also results in degeneration in hippocampal neurons with associated behavioral deficits. These changes can be partially ameliorated with blue-light-blocking lenses.

Appropriate Use of Telehealth Visits in Endocrinology: Policy Perspective of the Endocrine Society.

OBJECTIVE: This work aims to guide clinicians practicing endocrinology in the use of telehealth (synchronous patient-clinician visits conducted over video or telephone) for outpatient care. PARTICIPANTS: The Endocrine Society convened a 9-member panel of US endocrinologists with expertise in telehealth clinical care, telehealth operations, patient-centered care, health care delivery research, and/or evidence-based medicine. EVIDENCE: The panel conducted a literature search to identify studies published since 2000 about telehealth in endocrinology. One member extracted a list of factors affecting the quality of endocrine care via telehealth from the extant literature. The panel grouped these factors into 5 domains: clinical, patient, patient-clinician relationship, clinician, and health care setting and technology. CONSENSUS PROCESS: For each domain, 2 or 3 members drew on existing literature and their expert opinions to draft a section examining the effect of the domain's component factors on the appropriateness of telehealth use within endocrine practice. Appropriateness was evaluated in the context of the 6 Institute of Medicine aims for health care quality: patient-centeredness, equity, safety, effectiveness, timeliness, and efficiency. The panel held monthly virtual meetings to discuss and revise each domain. Two members wrote the remaining sections and integrated them with the domains to create the full policy perspective, which was reviewed and revised by all members. CONCLUSIONS: Telehealth has become a common care modality within endocrinology. This policy perspective summarizes the factors determining telehealth appropriateness in various patient care scenarios. Strategies to increase the quality of telehealth care are offered. More research is needed to develop a robust evidence base for future guideline development.

Implementation of Machine Learning Mechanism for Recognising Prostate Cancer through Photoacoustic Signal.

Biological tissues may be studied using photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, which can yield a wealth of physical and chemical data. However, it is really challenging to directly analyse these tissues because of a lot of data. Data mining techniques can get around this issue. In order to diagnose prostate cancer via PA spectrum assessment, this work describes the machine learning (ML) technique implementation, such as supervised classification and unsupervised hierarchical clustering. The collected PA signals were preprocessed using Pwelch method, and the features are extracted using two methods such as hierarchical cluster and correlation assessment. The extracted features are classified using four ML-methods, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), decision tree C4.5, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Furthermore, as these components alter throughout the progression of prostate cancer, this study focuses on the composition and distribution of collagen, lipids, and haemoglobin. In diseased tissues compared to normal tissues, there is a stronger correlation between the various chemical components ultrasonic power spectra, suggesting that the microstructural dispersion in tumour tissues has been more uniform. The accuracy of several classifiers used in cancer tissue diagnosis was greater than 94% for all four methods, which is effective than that of benchmark medical methods. Thus, the method shows significant promise for the noninvasive, early detection of severe prostate cancer.

Comparative study between conventional and 4 mm manual small-incision cataract surgery.

Purpose: Comparative study of intraoperative and postoperative complications, visual outcomes, and cost-effectiveness between conventional and 4-mm manual small-incision cataract surgery with MVR blade. Methods: In total, 600 patients having nuclear sclerosis grade I-IV were operated under peribulbar anesthesia and were divided into two groups of 300 each. In group A (300), conventional small-incision cataract surgery was done, whereas in group B (300), 4-mm manual small-incision cataract surgery was performed through a 4-mm sclerocorneal tunnel. A wire vectis was passed through the 4-mm incision below the nucleus to stabilize it, and a 20-G MVR blade was introduced from 11o'clock limbus and nucleus was bisected into two halves, which were removed through main incision. Cortical wash was given, and foldable IOL was implanted. Intraoperative and postoperative complications between the two groups were compared. Postoperative visual outcome and surgically induced astigmatism between the two groups was studied. Results: The most common intraoperative complication was hyphema (11.33%) and irido-dialysis (8.00%), whereas postoperatively, striate keratopathy (36.33%) and hyphema (19.33%) were common. Short-term complications such as striate keratopathy, hyphema, and irido-dialysis were significantly more in group B, and long-term results in terms of visual outcome and surgically induced astigmatism were significantly less in group B. Conclusion: Although intraoperative and short-term postoperative complications were observed more in 4-mm manual small-incision cataract surgery, it was found to be more effective in terms of surgically induced astigmatism and final visual outcome. In addition, it is cost-effective as compared to phacoemulsification.

A Feasible Multimodal Photoacoustic Imaging Approach for Evaluating the Clinical Symptoms of Inflammatory Arthritis.

Numerous traditional medical imaging methods, including computed tomography with X-rays, positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are utilized frequently in medical settings to screen for illnesses, diagnose patients, and track the effectiveness of treatments. When examining bone protrusions, CT is preferred over MRI for scanning connective tissue. Although the picture quality of PET is inferior to that of CT and MR, it is outstanding for detecting the molecular markers and metabolic functions of illnesses. To give high-resolution structural pictures and improved ailment sensitivity and specificity within another image, multimodal data and substantial therapeutic influence on advanced diagnostics and therapeutics have been used. The goal was to evaluate the clinical significance of multimodal photoacoustic/ultrasound (PA/US) articular imaging scoring, a cutting-edge image technique that may show the microvessels and oxygen levels of rheumatoid arthritis-related inflamed joints (RA). The PA/US imaging technology analyzed seven tiny joints. The PA and power Doppler (PD) impulses were semiquantified using a 0-3 grading scale, and the averages of the PA and PD scores for the seven joints are computed. Three PA+SO2 types were found determined by the relative oxygen levels (SO2) measurements of the affected joints. Researchers evaluated the relationships between the disease activity ratings and the PA/US imaging ratings. The PA scores and medical ratings that reflect the extent of the pain have strong relationships with each other, as do the PA+SO2 combinations. PA may be clinically useful in assessing RA. Thus, the research evaluated the clinical symptoms of inflammatory arthritis using a multimodal photoacoustic image process.

Classification and Detection of Mesothelioma Cancer Using Feature Selection-Enabled Machine Learning Technique.

Cancer of the mesothelium, sometimes referred to as malignant mesothelioma (MM), is an extremely uncommon form of the illness that almost always results in death. Chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are all potential treatments for multiple myeloma; however, the majority of patients are identified with the disease at an advanced stage, at which time it is resistant to these therapies. After obtaining a diagnosis of advanced multiple myeloma, the average length of time that a person lives is one year after hearing this news. There is a substantial link between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma (MM). Using an approach that enables feature selection and machine learning, this article proposes a classification and detection method for mesothelioma cancer. The CFS correlation-based feature selection approach is first used in the feature selection process. It acts as a filter, selecting just the traits that are relevant to the categorization. The accuracy of the categorization model is improved as a direct consequence of this. After that, classification is carried out with the help of naive Bayes, fuzzy SVM, and the ID3 algorithm. Various metrics have been utilized during the process of measuring the effectiveness of machine learning strategies. It has been discovered that the choice of features has a substantial influence on the accuracy of the categorization.

Combination of Autophagy Selective Therapeutics With Doxil: An Assessment of Pathological Toxicity.

Background: Combination therapy of targeted drugs in cancer treatment is a field in constant flux, with research balancing side effects with efficacy. Efficacy from combination therapy is improved either through synthetic lethality or through prevention of recurrent clones. Previous research has shown (hydroxy-)chloroquine is insufficient to disrupt autophagy in tumors. Hence, either combinations or novel autophagy agents are desired. In vivo studies of ovarian cancer have revealed that chloroquine can be combined with up to four other autophagy drugs to suppress ovarian cancer growth. While cancer efficacy is now established for the autophagy drug combination, it is unclear what toxicities may require monitoring in human trials. Additive toxicity with chemotherapy is also unknown. Methods: To address toxicity in more depth than previous weight-monitoring studies, biochemical and histopathology studies were performed. Mouse groups were treated with autophagy drugs for 2 weeks, with or without the chemotherapy Doxil. After the last dose, mice were processed for blood biochemistry, white blood cell markers, and histopathology. Results: Data from a comprehensive blood biochemistry panel, flow cytometric measurements of blood cell markers, and histopathology are herein reported. While Doxil presented clear bone marrow and immunologic toxicity, autophagy drugs were overall less toxic and more variable in their presentation of potential toxicities. Only minor additive effects of autophagy drugs with Doxil were observed. Conclusion: Combinations of autophagy drugs may be considered for therapy in human oncology trials, with possible side effects to monitor informed by these murine pre-clinical data.