Evaluation of depression, anxiety, risky eating behaviors, eating habits and physical activity after the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents in Mexico City.

INTRODUCTION: during the pandemic, an increase in symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as lifestyle changes in adolescents has been reported. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate anxiety and depression symptoms, risky eating behaviors (REB), eating habits and physical activity after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexican adolescents; to associate the study variables with the development of REB. METHODS: a study was performed with a sample of 2,710 adolescents. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Questionnaire to measure Risky Eating Behaviors were applied; eating habits and physical activity were evaluated. A Multivariate Logistic Regression analysis was performed to evaluate an association between study variables and REB. RESULTS: it was found that 34.4 % and 47.2 % of the adolescents presented symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Furthermore, 10.6 % had REB and 18.1 % were at risk of REB. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 46.5 %; only 13.1 % of the participants had healthy eating habits and 18.2 % adequate physical activity. Symptoms of depression (p < 0.0001), anxiety (p < 0.0001), higher BMI (p < 0.0001), female sex, excessive consumption of sugary drinks, eating outside the home (p < 0.0001), and lifestyle (p = 0.001) were associated with REB. CONCLUSIONS: confinement caused chaos on the lifestyle of adolescents as well as their psychological health. It is essential to develop educational programs that involve government authorities, parents and health agencies to reinforce the topics of healthy eating, physical activity and mental health in the country's secondary schools.

Epidemiological Overview of Overweight and Obesity Related to Eating Habits, Physical Activity and the Concurrent Presence of Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents from High Schools in Mexico City: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Overweight and obesity in adolescents has become a serious public health problem worldwide and Mexico City is no exception. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological panorama of overweight and obesity related to eating habits, physical activity and the concurrent presence of depression and anxiety in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City. Anthropometric measurements were taken from 2710 adolescents from 33 participating high schools. Likewise, a previously validated eating habit and physical activity questionnaire was administered, which consisted of four different sections, where each of the sections focused on key aspects of the participants' lifestyle: (1) eating habits, (2) intake of non-recommended foods, (3) food and company environment, and (4) physical activity. Moreover, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for anxiety and depression was applied. In this study, a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (26.5% overweight and 20.0% obese) was found in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City. Only 13.14% of participants had adequate eating habits and 18.19% physical activity habits. An association was found between having inadequate eating habits and obesity in adolescent women (OR = 1.95; CI 1.009-3.76). Additionally, associations were observed between depression symptoms and obesity (OR = 5.68, CI 1.36-32.81; p = 0.01), while anxiety was associated with underweight and obesity adjusted by other dietary habits and psychological factors. Therefore, it is important to identify adolescents with overweight or obesity and establish prevention strategies for weight control in this age group, promoting healthy eating, physical activity and education in mental health.

Construct Validity of a Questionnaire on Eating and Physical Activity Habits for Adolescents in Mexico City.

The assessment of eating and physical activity habits is an important step in promoting healthy behaviors among the adolescent population and is key in the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. For this purpose, reliable and valid measuring instruments are essential. In this context, the aim of this article is to present the validation of a self-report questionnaire on eating and physical activity habits among adolescents in Mexico City. In order to validate the questionnaire, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2710 adolescents between 11 and 12 years of age, the piloting of the questionnaire was carried out in September 2022 with a focus group, and the programming of the anthropometric measurements was established with the Federal Educational Authority of CDMX, as well as the application of the questionnaire to 33 schools, with these activities being scheduled from 7 November 2022 to 3 February 2023 and having an application duration of 15-25 min for each of the groups to which it was applied; the questionnaire that was applied consists of 31 questions that refer to the frequencies, quantity, or performance of behaviors related to the frequency and type of food, type of physical activity and behaviors related to the act of eating referring to the place where it is carried out (home or away from home) and with whom it is carried out (alone or in company), and about the individual's lifestyle. Subsequently, the reliability of the instrument was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the structure of the questionnaire. The results obtained showed that the questionnaire was adequately reliable (α = 0.778) with an eight-factor structure: four questions on mealtime frequencies, four questions on physical activity and lifestyles, six questions on the consumption of high-calorie foods, four questions on company and food consumption, four questions on the consumption of vegetables and fruits, four questions on the place of food consumption, two questions on the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and three questions on the consumption of sugary drinks, plain water, and milk. In conclusion, the self-report questionnaire on eating and physical activity habits among adolescents in Mexico City is reliable, has adequate internal consistency, and can therefore be used as a useful tool for the evaluation of eating and physical activity habits in this population.

Relación del acoso escolar y conductas de riesgo a trastornos de la alimentación en escolares mexicanos / Relationship of school bullying and risk behaviors to eating disorders in Mexican schoolchildren

Fundamentos: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la prevalencia entre el acoso escolar obullying y las conductas de riesgo a trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), en escolares mexicanos dequinto y sexto grado escolar. Cuyos resultados aporten al programa en línea que se va diseñar para suprevención.Métodos: Se obtuvo una muestra de 3641 escolares mexicanos entre 9-14 años a los cuales, se les aplicó laencuesta Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) y el CBCAR, cuestionario diseñado y validado enadolescentes mexicanos, para evaluar las conductas de riego a TCA. Se aplicó la encuesta en línea, con elformato del programa “NutriNet” del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán(INCMYNSZ), protocolo con el visto bueno de los comités del Instituto y del Hospital General de México.Resultados: Se observó una mayor incidencia de presentar conductas alimentarias de riesgo en escolares queson acosados tanto en los escolares abusadores y en los escolares que participan en pleitos o peleas,observándose diferencia estadística significativa (p ≥ 0,05).Conclusiones: El bullying constituye un factor de riesgo a padecer un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. (AU)

Background: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of bullying and risk behaviors foreating disorders in Mexican schoolchildren in 5th and 6th grade. Whose results contribute to the onlineprogram that will be designed for its prevention.Methods: A sample of 3,641 Mexican schoolchildren between 9-14 years old was obtained. To whom, theHealth Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey and the CBCAR, a questionnaire designed andvalidated in Mexican adolescents were applied to evaluate risk behaviors to eating disorders. The onlinesurvey was applied, with the format of the "NutriNet" program of the National Institute of Medical Sciencesand Nutrition Salvador Zubiran (INCMYNSZ), protocol with the approval of the committees of the Instituteand the General Hospital of Mexico.Results: A higher incidence of presenting risky eating behaviors was observed in schoolchildren who arebullied both in abusive schoolchildren and in schoolchildren who participate in fights, observing a statisticallysignificant difference (p ≥ 0.05).Conclusions: Bullying is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. (AU)

Identificación de factores protectores y de riesgo para trastornos de conductas alimentarias en una intervención educativa con adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Identification of protective and risk factors for eating disorders in an educational intervention with adolescents from Mexico City

Fundamentos: Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) constituyen un grupo de trastornos mentalescaracterizados por una conducta alterada de la ingesta alimentaria y/o la aparición de comportamientosinadecuados encaminados a controlar el peso. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los factoresprotectores y de riesgo para TCA en una muestra de adolescentes de la Ciudad de México.Métodos: Se realizó una intervención tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado, se estimó el estado ponderal conlos percentiles de índice de masa corporal (IMC) propuestos por la OMS. Para la evaluación delcomportamiento alimentario se aplicaron cuestionarios dietéticos y para la identificación de trastornos deconductas alimentarias, ansiedad y depresión se aplicaron los cuestionarios para medir conductasalimentarias de riesgo (CAR) y el cuestionario HAD ansiedad y depresión de Hamilton.Resultados: Se encontró que la presencia de ansiedad incrementa 2,956 la probabilidad de aparición de unTCA (IC 95% = 1,919-4,513) y que el incremento en el IMC es un factor que aumenta la probabilidad depresentar un TCA 1,278 veces (IC 95% 1,220-1,339).Conclusiones: Factores como la ansiedad e IMC son determinantes para el desarrollo de TCA los cuales semanifiestan cada vez más en hombres que en mujeres. (AU)

Background: Eating disorders constitute a group of mental disorders characterized by altered eating behaviorand the appearance of inappropriate behaviors aimed at controlling weight. The aim of the present study wasto identify the protective and risk factors for eating disorders in a sample of adolescents from Mexico City.Methods: A randomized controlled trial intervention was performed, weight status was estimated with thepercentiles of body mass index (BMI) proposed by the WHO. For the evaluation of eating behavior, dietaryquestionnaires were applied and for the identification of eating behavior disorders, anxiety and depression,the questionnaires to measure risk eating behaviors and the Hamilton anxiety and depression questionnairewere applied.Results: It was found that the presence of anxiety increases 2.956 the probability of an eating disorders (95%CI = 1.919-4.513) and the increase in BMI is a factor that increases the probability of presenting an eatingdisorders 1.278 (95% CI 1.220-1.339).Conclusions: Factors such as anxiety and BMI are determinants for the development of eating disorders,which are increasingly manifested in men than in women. (AU)

Intervención educativa para disminuir la prevalencia de obesidad en adolescentes de la ciudad de México, México / Educational intervention to decrease the prevalence of obesity in adolescents of mexico city, mexico

Fundamentos: La prevalencia de obesidad se ha elevado considerablemente entre los niños y adolescentes, representando uno de los principales problemas para la salud pública. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de una intervención focalizada en los estilos de vida y los factores asociados a la alimentación, la actividad física, así como aspectos psicológicos y conductuales en adolescentes de escuelas secundariasde Ciudad de México. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado diseñada con base a la metodología EPODE (Ensemble Prévenons l’Obésité Des Enfants). Se estimó el estado ponderal con los percentiles de IMC propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y para la evaluación del comportamiento alimentario y la determinación de factoresrelacionados con la obesidad se aplicaron cuestionarios dietéticos y cuestionarios para detectar el riesgo de trastornos de conducta alimentaria, ansiedad y depresión. Resultados: Los factores del modelo en este estudio quepresentan probabilidades de ser protectores para la aparición de la obesidad en adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México son el número de pasos a la semana (OR =0,872 IC 95%: 1,212-1,761), el aumento de la actividad física vigorosa (OR = 0,903 IC 95%: 0,843-0,967) y el consumo de fruta (OR = 0,927 IC 95%: 0,861-0,999). Conclusiones: De acuerdo a las condiciones de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México la realización de actividad física fue un factor importante, tanto por ser un factor protector para la aparición de la obesidad, como por su relación con la disminución del IMC. (AU)

Background: The prevalence of obesity has risen considerably among children and adolescents, representing one of the mai public health problems. The objective was to evaluate theimpact of a focused intervention on lifestyle and factors associated with diet, physical activity as well as psychological and behavioral aspects in adolescents from high schools inMexico City. Methods: A randomized controlled trial interventiondesigned based on EPODE (Ensemble Prévenons l'Obésité Des Enfants) methodology was conducted. Weight status was estimated using the BMI percentiles proposed by the WorldHealth Organization, and dietary questionnaires and questionnaires to detect the risk of eating disorders, anxiety and depression were used for the assessment of eating behaviour and the determination of factors related to obesity. Results: The model factors in this study that presents probabilities of being protective for the appearance of obesity in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City are the number of steps per week (OR = 0.872 95% CI: 1.212-1.761), the increase in vigorous physical activity (OR = 0.903 95% CI:0.843-0.967) and fruit consumption (OR = 0.927 95% CI: 0.861-0.999).Conclusions: According to the conditions of adolescents from high schools in Mexico City, physical activity was an important factor, because it was a protective factor for the appearance of obesity, and because of its relationship with the decrease of the BMI. (AU)

Intervención para el fomento del consumo de leche y productos lácteos como parte de una estrategia para la disminución del exceso de peso en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Intervention for the promotion on the consumption of milk and dairy products as a strategy to reduce overweight in adolescents of México

Introducción: el consumo de leche y productos lácteos puede jugar un papel importante en el mantenimiento del peso corporal saludable, ya que, en condiciones normales de los individuos, se ha observado una asociación negativa entre la ingesta diaria del calcio contenido en la leche y los productos lácteos con el incremento adipositario. Objetivo: determinar si el consumo de leche y productos lácteos repercute en la disminución del peso corporal de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: ensayo comunitario con 2.368 adolescentes en tres fases: descripción del estado de nutrición inicial, intervención educativa multidisciplinaria en el grupo intervención y evaluación de los cambios observados. Se aplicó a los participantes un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se utilizó el programa Who Anthro Plus(R) para obtener el diagnóstico nutricional. Resultados: se encontró, en el grupo de intervención, que los adolescentes que nunca consumen leche entera, leche descremada, queso fresco de vaca y yogur natural presentan mayor prevalencia de obesidad (15,8%, 12,5%, 19,0% y 19,0%, respectivamente), en comparación con los adolescentes que los consumen diariamente (0,0%, 0,0%, 2,3% y 5,6%, respectivamente), con una diferencia altamente significativa para el consumo de queso fresco de vaca y yogurt natural (p = 0,01). Se logró aumentar la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos y se observaron cambios en el estado de nutrición en el grupo de intervención, donde la prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó del 13,8% al 6,1%. Conclusiones: los adolescentes con mayor consumo de leche y productos lácteos presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad

Introduction: the consumption of milk and dairy products can play an important role in the maintenance of healthy body weight, since, under normal conditions of individuals, a negative association has been observed between daily intake of calcium contained in milk and dairy products and adiposity markers. Objective: to determine if the consumption of milk and dairy products affects the body weight reduction of adolescents in high school in Mexico City. Methods: community trial with 2,368 adolescents in three phases: description of the initial nutritional status, multidisciplinary educational intervention in the intervention group and evaluation of the changes observed. A food frequency and reminder questionnaire of 24 hours was applied to the participants, anthropometric measures were taken and the Who Anthro Plus(R) program was used to obtain the nutritional diagnosis. Results: it was found, in the intervention group, that adolescents who never consume whole milk, skimmed milk, fresh cow's cheese and natural yogurt have a higher prevalence of obesity (15.8%, 12.5%, 19.0% and 19.0%, respectively), compared to the adolescents who consume them daily (0.0%, 0.0%, 2.3% and 5.6%, respectively), there being a highly significant difference for the consumption of cheese fresh cow's milk and natural yogurt (p = 0.01). It was possible to increase the frequency of dairy consumption and changes in nutritional status were observed in the intervention group, where the prevalence of obesity decreased from 13.8% to 6.1%. Conclusions: adolescents with higher milk consumption and dairy products had a lower prevalence of obesity

[Intervention for the promotion on the consumption of milk and dairy products as a strategy to reduce overweight in adolescents of México]. / Intervención para el fomento del consumo de leche y productos lácteos como parte de una estrategia para la disminución del exceso de peso en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the consumption of milk and dairy products can play an important role in the maintenance of healthy body weight, since, under normal conditions of individuals, a negative association has been observed between daily intake of calcium contained in milk and dairy products and adiposity markers. Objective: to determine if the consumption of milk and dairy products affects the body weight reduction of adolescents in high school in Mexico City. Methods: community trial with 2,368 adolescents in three phases: description of the initial nutritional status, multidisciplinary educational intervention in the intervention group and evaluation of the changes observed. A food frequency and reminder questionnaire of 24 hours was applied to the participants, anthropometric measures were taken and the Who Anthro Plus® program was used to obtain the nutritional diagnosis. Results: it was found, in the intervention group, that adolescents who never consume whole milk, skimmed milk, fresh cow's cheese and natural yogurt have a higher prevalence of obesity (15.8%, 12.5%, 19.0% and 19.0%, respectively), compared to the adolescents who consume them daily (0.0%, 0.0%, 2.3% and 5.6%, respectively), there being a highly significant difference for the consumption of cheese fresh cow's milk and natural yogurt (p ≤ 0.01). It was possible to increase the frequency of dairy consumption and changes in nutritional status were observed in the intervention group, where the prevalence of obesity decreased from 13.8% to 6.1%. Conclusions: adolescents with higher milk consumption and its dairy products had a lower prevalence of obesity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el consumo de leche y productos lácteos puede jugar un papel importante en el mantenimiento del peso corporal saludable, ya que, en condiciones normales de los individuos, se ha observado una asociación negativa entre la ingesta diaria del calcio contenido en la leche y los productos lácteos con el incremento adipositario. Objetivo: determinar si el consumo de leche y productos lácteos repercute en la disminución del peso corporal de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: ensayo comunitario con 2.368 adolescentes en tres fases: descripción del estado de nutrición inicial, intervención educativa multidisciplinaria en el grupo intervención y evaluación de los cambios observados. Se aplicó a los participantes un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se utilizó el programa Who Anthro Plus® para obtener el diagnóstico nutricional. Resultados: se encontró, en el grupo de intervención, que los adolescentes que nunca consumen leche entera, leche descremada, queso fresco de vaca y yogur natural presentan mayor prevalencia de obesidad (15,8%, 12,5%, 19,0% y 19,0%, respectivamente), en comparación con los adolescentes que los consumen diariamente (0,0%, 0,0%, 2,3% y 5,6%, respectivamente), con una diferencia altamente significativa para el consumo de queso fresco de vaca y yogurt natural (p ≤ 0,01). Se logró aumentar la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos y se observaron cambios en el estado de nutrición en el grupo de intervención, donde la prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó del 13,8% al 6,1%. Conclusiones: los adolescentes con mayor consumo de leche y productos lácteos presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad.

Intervención para la incentivación del consumo de verduras y frutas como estrategia para la disminución del exceso de peso en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Intervention for the incentive in the consumption of vegetables and fruits as a strategy to reduce overweight in adolescents from Mexico City

FUNDAMENTOS: Para contrarrestar el problema de sobrepeso y obesidad se requiere la adopción de conductas saludables, entre estas se encuentra el consumo regular de verduras y frutas. El objetivo fue determinar si el incremento en el consumo de verduras y frutas repercute en el estado ponderal en adolescentes de Escuelas Secundarias de la Ciudad de México. MÉTODOS: Ensayo comunitario con 2368 adolescentes en tres fases: descripción del estado inicial, intervención educativa en grupo intervención y evaluación de los cambios observados. Se aplicó a los participantes un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se utilizó el programa Who Anthro Plus(R), para obtener el diagnóstico del estado ponderal. RESULTADOS: Se logró un incremento en el consumo diario de verduras y frutas (de 15,3-21,3%; 28,7-39,2%), disminuyendo la prevalencia de obesidad (de 13,8%-6,1%). Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias significativas (p≤0,01) entre la prevalecía de obesidad estimada en adolescentes que nunca consumían verduras (36,0%) y frutas (16,7%), en comparación con los que las consumían todos los días (8,9% y 5,3%, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Una intervención que incremente el consumo de verduras y frutas es capaz de disminuir la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes

BACKGROUND: To counteract the problem of overweight and obesity requires the adoption of health conducts, among these are the vegetables and fruits regular consumption. The objective was to determine if the increase in the vegetables and fruits consumption affects the adolescent ponderal status in secondary schools in Mexico City. METHODS: Community trial with 2368 adolescents conducted in three phases: description of the initial state, educational intervention with the intervention group and evaluation of the changes observed. It was applied to the participants a frequency of food consumption questionnaire, it was taken in anthropometric measurements and using the Who Anthro Plus(R) program was diagnosed ponderal status. RESULTS: An increase in the daily consumption of vegetables and fruits (from 15.3-21.3%; 28.7-3.2%) was achieved, decreasing the prevalence of obesity (from 13.8%-6.1%). Likewise, there were found highly significant difference (p≤0.01) between the prevalence of obesity in adolescents who never consume vegetables and fruits (36.0%; 16.7%), compared to those who consume them every day (8.9% and 5.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An intervention that increases the vegetables and fruits consumption is capable of reduce prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescent

Hábitos alimentarios, actividad física y estilos de vida en adolescentes escolarizados de la Ciudad de México y del Estado de Michoacán / Eating habits, physical ctivity and lifestyles among adolescents in Mexico City and the State of Michoacán

Fundamentos: La adolescencia se considera un periodo crítico en la adquisición y formación de hábitos alimentarios y de un estilo de vida saludable para el futuro joven, y que probablemente perdurarán en la edad adulta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las conductas alimentarias y de estilo de vida en adolescentes escolarizados de la Ciudad de México (CDMX) y del Estado de Michoacán. Métodos: Se les aplicó la encuesta Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) a 956 adolescentes mexicanos, que participaron voluntariamente, bajo la firma de un consentimiento informado. Resultados: Los adolescentes de la CDMX presentaron un consumo mayor de bebidas azucaradas en comparación con los de Michoacán lo que representa que el 94,2% y 91,44%, respectivamente los consumen regularmente. Los adolescentes de la CDMX y Michoacán, reportan un bajo consumo de frutas representado por el 16,3% y 14.86% respectivamente, y de verduras del 10,3% y 16,00% respectivamente, las consumen a diario o más de una verdura al día. Se encontró un alto porcentaje de estudiantes que realizaban actividades sedentarias durante el día. Conclusiones: La baja actividad física aunada al bajo consumo de frutas y verduras y el alto consumo de bebidas gaseosas predispone a los adolescentes a presentar mayor riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles (AU)

Background: Adolescence is considered a critical period in the acquisition and formation of eating habits and a healthy lifestyle for the young future and that will probably be enduring in adulthood. The objective of the present study was to determine the dietary and lifestyle behaviors among adolescents in Mexico City (CDMX) and the State of Michoacán. Methods: The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HSBC) survey was applied to 956 Mexican adolescents, who participated voluntarily, under the signing of an informed consent. Results: The adolescents of the CDMX show a greater consumption of sweetened beverages compared to those of Michoacán, which means that 94.2% and 91.44%, respectively, consume them regularly. The adolescents of the CDMX and Michoacán, report a low consumption of fruits represented by 16.3% and 14.86% respectively, and vegetables 10.3% and 16.00% respectively, consume them daily or more than one a day. We found a high percentage of students performing sedentary activities during the day. Conclusions: Low physical activity coupled with low consumption of fruits and vegetables and high consumption of soft drinks predisposes adolescents to present an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (AU)

Prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo y su asociación con ansiedad y estado nutricio en adolescentes de escuelas secundarias técnicas del distrito federal, México / No disponible

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