ABSTRACT
The efficacy of lipid-encapsulated, chemically modified short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was examined in an in vivo mouse model of HBV replication. Stabilized siRNA targeted to the HBV RNA was incorporated into a specialized liposome to form a stable nucleic-acid-lipid particle (SNALP) and administered by intravenous injection into mice carrying replicating HBV. The improved efficacy of siRNA-SNALP compared to unformulated siRNA correlates with a longer half-life in plasma and liver. Three daily intravenous injections of 3 mg/kg/day reduced serum HBV DNA >1.0 log(10). The reduction in HBV DNA was specific, dose-dependent and lasted for up to 7 d after dosing. Furthermore, reductions were seen in serum HBV DNA for up to 6 weeks with weekly dosing. The advances demonstrated here, including persistence of in vivo activity, use of lower doses and reduced dosing frequency are important steps in making siRNA a clinically viable therapeutic approach.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B/therapy , Hepatitis B/virology , Liposomes/chemistry , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry , Animals , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology , Cell Line, Tumor , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/administration & dosage , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry , Female , Gene Targeting/methods , Genetic Therapy/methods , Hepatitis B/genetics , Hepatitis B/metabolism , Hepatitis B virus/drug effects , Humans , Liposomes/pharmacokinetics , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Male , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Mice , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacokinetics , Tissue Distribution , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study intended to determine the maximum tolerated dose, safety, pharmacokinetic variables, clinical response, and pharmacodynamic markers of daily s.c. administration of Angiozyme. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with refractory solid tumors were enrolled in a dose escalation and expanded cohort design. Dose escalation involved cohorts of patients at doses of 10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/m(2)/d for 29 days. A second component enrolled 15 additional patients at a daily dose of 100 mg/m(2). Patients were eligible to continue on therapy until disease progression. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were enrolled and 28 were evaluable (range, 29-505 days; median, 89.5 days). A maximum tolerated dose was not defined by toxicity but rather by the maximal deliverable dose of 300 mg/m(2)/d. Grade 1 to 2 injection site reactions were the most common toxicities. One patient in the 300 mg/m(2) group experienced a reversible grade 3 injection site reaction. Angiozyme showed dose-dependent plasma concentrations with good bioavailability. Surrogate markers showed Angiozyme localization in tumor biopsies and a significant increase in serum von Willebrand factor antigen, a marker for endothelial cell dysfunction. Although Angiozyme-reactive antibody production was noted for some patients, no antibody-related adverse events were noted. Seven of 28 (25%) evaluable patients had stable disease for >or =6 months, with the longest treatment duration of > or =16 months. Two patients (nasopharyngeal carcinoma and melanoma) showed minor responses. CONCLUSION: Angiozyme was well tolerated with satisfactory pharmacokinetic variables for daily s.c. dosing. Results have provided the basis for subsequent clinical trials of this first-of-class biologically targeted therapeutic.
Subject(s)
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/pathology , RNA, Catalytic/therapeutic use , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/adverse effects , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/blood supply , Neoplasms/genetics , RNA, Catalytic/adverse effects , RNA, Catalytic/genetics , RNA, Catalytic/pharmacokinetics , Treatment Outcome , von Willebrand Factor/metabolismABSTRACT
Ribozymes are catalytically active RNA molecules that cleave other RNA molecules in a sequence-specific fashion, with significant turnover. The successful design and synthesis of ribozymes with modifications to increase their stability in biological fluids, while maintaining catalytic activity, has been instrumental in moving this technology from the laboratory into clinical trials. With the entry of ribozymes into the clinical setting, the need has arisen for reagents and/or assays to detect these drugs in tissues. We have developed a monoclonal antibody to the 2(')-deoxy-2(')-C-allyl uridine modification present in our synthetic hammerhead ribozymes. The monoclonal antibody, termed CA1USR, is a murine IgG1(k), whose epitope appears to involve both the 2(')-C-allyl modification, and the uridine base. Use of CA1USR for immunohistochemical detection of ribozymes in the tissues of mice which were administered two structurally different ribozymes has demonstrated its utility as a reagent for in vivo localization of ribozymes containing the 2(')-C-allyl uridine modification.
