ABSTRACT
Highly concentrated alkaline NaOH-Ga(OH)3 solutions with 1.18 M ≤ [Ga(III)]T ≤ 2.32 M and 2.4 M ≤ [NaOH]T ≤ 4.9 M (where the subscript T denotes total or analytical concentrations) have been prepared and investigated by solution X-ray diffraction and also by ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The data obtained are consistent with the presence of only one predominant Ga(III)-bearing species in these solutions, which is the tetrahedral hydroxo complex Ga(OH)4(-). This finding is in stark contrast to that found for Al(III)-containing solutions of similar concentrations, in which, besides the monomeric complex, an oxo-bridged dimer was also found to form. From the solution X-ray diffraction measurements, the formation of the dimeric (OH)3Ga-O-Ga(OH)3(2-) could not unambiguously be shown, however, from the comparison of experimental IR, Raman and (71)Ga NMR spectra with calculated ones, its formation can be safely excluded. Moreover, higher mononuclear stepwise hydroxo complexes, like Ga(OH)6(3-), which have been claimed to exist by others in the literature, were not possible to experimentally detect in these solutions with any of the spectroscopic techniques used.
Subject(s)
Gallium/chemistry , Sodium Hydroxide/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Solutions/chemistry , Water/chemistry , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
The control of intra-arterial chemotherapy by selective conventional and xero-angiographic exploration of the external carotid artery is reported. With the aid of a catheter inserted into the superior thyroid, facial or super-facial temporal artery, all the main branches of the external carotid artery can be depicted. Xeroangiography in the area of the external carotid artery is a new method on which no data could be found in the literature. Anatomical variations of the vascular system and vascular lesions caused by surgery, a tumour, or intra-arterial chemotherapy are better demonstrated by xeroradiography. The bones and the soft parts are well depicted at the same time in the xeroradiographic pictures; thus the bony masses of the facial and petrous regions, together with the vessels on the bones, in the bones and in the soft parts are visible on one and the same picture.
Subject(s)
Angiography/methods , Carotid Artery, External/diagnostic imaging , Drug Therapy , Xeroradiography/methods , Catheters, Indwelling , Coloring Agents/administration & dosage , Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Humans , Injections, Intra-Arterial , Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosageABSTRACT
The authors performed xerosialography on 41 patients with various diseases of the salivary glands. In 38 patients this provided positive information. Each of eight submandibular sialograms was abnormal; of the 33 parotid examinations, three benign salivary tumours could not be demonstrated radiologically. Xeroradiography is a useful method for the examination of the major salivary glands. It is superior to the traditional film method.
