A Monitoring Framework with Integrated Sensing Technologies for Enhanced Food Safety and Traceability.

A novel and low-cost framework for food traceability, composed by commercial and proprietary sensing devices, for the remote monitoring of air, water, soil parameters and herbicide contamination during the farming process, has been developed and verified in real crop environments. It offers an integrated approach to food traceability with embedded systems supervision, approaching the problem to testify the quality of the food product. Moreover, it fills the gap of missing low-cost systems for monitoring cropping environments and pesticides contamination, satisfying the wide interest of regulatory agencies and final customers for a sustainable farming. The novelty of the proposed monitoring framework lies in the realization and the adoption of a fully automated prototype for in situ glyphosate detection. This device consists of a custom-made and automated fluidic system which, leveraging on the Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) sensing technology, permits to detect unwanted glyphosate contamination. The custom electronic mainboard, called ElectroSense, exhibits both the potentiostatic read-out of the sensor and the fluidic control to accomplish continuous unattended measurements. The complementary monitored parameters from commercial sensing devices are: temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, volumetric water content, electrical conductivity of the soil, pH of the irrigation water, total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and equivalent CO2. The framework has been validated during the olive farming activity in an Italian company, proving its efficacy for food traceability. Finally, the system has been adopted in a different crop field where pesticides treatments are practiced. This has been done in order to prove its capability to perform first level detection of pesticide treatments. Good correlation results between chemical sensors signals and pesticides treatments are highlighted.

A novel human biomonitoring study by semiconductor gas sensors in Exposomics: investigation of health risk in contaminated sites.

Two areas in central-southern Italy Land of Fires in Campania and Valley of Sacco river in Lazio are known to be contaminated sites, the first due to illegal fly-tipping and toxic fires, and the second due to an intensive industrial exploitation done by no-scruple companies and crooked public administration offices with dramatic consequences for environment and resident people. The work is intended to contribute to Human BioMonitoring (HBM) studies conducted in these areas on healthy young male population by a semiconductor gas sensor array trained by SPME-GC/MS. Human semen, blood and urine were investigated. The fingerprinting of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by a gas sensors system allowed to discriminate the different contamination of the two areas and was able to predict the chemical concentration of several VOCs identified by GC/MS.

A Low-Cost Breath Analyzer Module in Domiciliary Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation for Remote COPD Patient Monitoring.

Smart Breath Analyzers were developed as sensing terminals of a telemedicine architecture devoted to remote monitoring of patients suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and home-assisted by non-invasive mechanical ventilation via respiratory face mask. The devices based on different sensors (CO2/O2 and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), relative humidity and temperature (R.H. & T) sensors) monitor the breath air exhaled into the expiratory line of the bi-tube patient breathing circuit during a noninvasive ventilo-therapy session; the sensor raw signals are transmitted pseudonymized to National Health Service units by TCP/IP communication through a cloud remote platform. The work is a proof-of-concept of a sensors-based IoT system with the perspective to check continuously the effectiveness of therapy and/or any state of exacerbation of the disease requiring healthcare. Lab tests in controlled experimental conditions by a gas-mixing bench towards CO2/O2 concentrations and exhaled breath collected in a sampling bag were carried out to test the realized prototypes. The Smart Breath Analyzers were also tested in real conditions both on a healthy volunteer subject and a COPD suffering patient.

Chromatographic analysis of VOC patterns in exhaled breath from smokers and nonsmokers.

Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and causes many diseases. The analysis of exhaled breath for exogenous and endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can provide fundamental information on active smoking and insight into the health damage that smoke is creating. Various exhaled VOCs have been reported as typical of smoking habit and recent tobacco consumption, but to date, no eligible biomarkers have been identified. Aiming to identify such potential biomarkers, in this pilot study we analyzed the chemical patterns of exhaled breath from 26 volunteers divided into groups of nonsmokers and subgroups of smokers sampled at different periods of withdrawal from smoking. Solid-phase microextraction technique and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry methods were applied. Many breath VOCs were identified and quantified in very low concentrations (ppbv range), but only a few (toluene, pyridine, pyrrole, benzene, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone and 1-methyldecyclamine) were found to be statistically significant variables by Mann-Whitney test. In our analysis, we did not consider the predictive power of individual VOCs, as well as the criterion of uniqueness for biomarkers suggests, but we used the patterns of the only statistically significant compounds. Probit prediction model based on statistical relevant VOCs-patterns showed that assessment of smoking status is heavily time dependent. In a two-class classifier model, it is possible to predict with high specificity and sensitivity if a subject is a smoker who respected 1 hour of abstinence from smoking (short-term exposure to tobacco) or a smoker (labelled "blank smoker") after a night out of smoking (long-term exposure to tobacco). On the other side, in our study "blank smokers" are more like non-smokers so that the two classes cannot be well distinguished and the corresponding prediction results showed a good sensitivity but low selectivity.