Insurance and Employment Status Are Correlated With the Presence of Waddell Signs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether employment or insurance status is associated with the presence and number of Waddell signs. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, adult low back pain patients were seen at a tertiary academic center for thoracic or lumbar back pain, due to a degenerative condition. Frequency data were compared with contingency table analysis, including χ2 and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 462 patients, 26% had any Waddell signs and 10% had clinically significant Waddell signs. Nonemployed patients had a higher prevalence of Waddell signs than employed and retired patients (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.001, respectively). Subgroups of Medicaid participants as well as patients with secondary gain issues, including worker's compensation and motor vehicle accident, had a higher prevalence of 1+ Waddell signs than patients of other insurances (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.01, respectively). Medicaid participants had a higher prevalence of 3+ Waddell signs than other insurances (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Waddell signs is associated with employment and insurance status. This suggests that social factors may affect patients' perceptions of their thoracic or low back pain. Clinicians aware of these factors can provide individualized care to their patients prone to poor outcomes.

Utility of upright radiographs in traumatic thoracolumbar fracture management.

BACKGROUND: It is common practice to use a combination approach of computed tomography (CT) scan followed by upright radiographs when assessing traumatic thoracolumbar (TL) vertebral fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical utility of upright spine radiographs in the setting of traumatic TL fracture management. Our null hypothesis is that upright TL radiographs rarely change management of acute vertebral fractures. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on patients with an initial plan of non-operative management for a TL fracture between January 2014 and June 2020 at a single Level 1 trauma center. Patients were followed from time of initial consult to either conversion to surgery (operative) or last available outpatient follow up imaging (non-operative). Lateral kyphotic angle of the fractured vertebra and anterior vertebral body height% loss on initial CT, first upright radiograph, and endpoint upright radiograph imaging were measured. Measurements were compared between and within operative and non-operative groups using t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests when appropriate. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study included 70 patients with an average age of 54 years and 37 (52.9%) were women. Six (8.6%) of 70 patients had a change from non-operative to operative management based on upright radiographs. The mean (standard deviation) change in degrees of kyphosis from CT scan to first X-ray was 4.6 (7.0) in the non-operative group and 11.5 (8.1) in the operative group (P = 0.03). Delta degrees of kyphosis from CT scan to endpoint X-ray was 6.4 (9.0) and 16.2 (6.2) in the non-operative and operative groups, respectively (P = 0.01). In the operative group, mean degrees of kyphosis increased from 1.6 (7.6) in initial CT to 13.1 (8.9) in first X-ray (P = 0.02). First X-ray mean anterior body height% loss was 37.5 (17.6) and 53.2 (16.1) in the non-operative and operative groups, respectively (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Upright radiographs are useful in guiding traumatic vertebral fracture management decisions. Larger studies are needed to determine the degree of change in kyphosis between CT and first standing radiograph that is suggestive of operative management. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE OF REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Effects of delayed postoperative void and preoperative urologic symptoms on delay in time of discharge for elective lumbar decompression surgery.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Almost half of all patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery have preoperative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). These symptoms could affect postoperative voiding and subsequently length of stay. PURPOSE: To investigate the association between preoperative LUTS and time to first void and between time to first void and time to discharge among patients undergoing elective lumbar decompression surgery. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data among patients at a single academic medical center. PATIENT SAMPLE: All patients ≥18 years of age undergoing elective lumbar decompression surgery between July 2017 and March 2020. OUTCOME MEASURES: The physiologic measure of a delayed time to first void was defined as an initial postoperative void of > 4 hours after anesthesia stop time. The outcome of prolonged time to discharge was defined as a stay of >24 hours after anesthesia stop time. METHODS: At their preoperative visit, patients completed the validated International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (range, 0-35 points), which is applicable for LUTS assessment in both sexes. Clinically relevant LUTS are defined as an IPSS score of ≥8. Patients were followed from their preoperative visit to surgery admission discharge. Association of LUTS with time to first void and time to first void with admission discharge were estimated using risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from a multivariable Poisson regression with a robust variance estimate adjusted for potential confounding variables including age, sex, IPSS, and intraoperative Foley catheter use. RESULTS: The analytic cohort included 170 patients with an average age of 57 years and 103 (61%) were men. Preoperative LUTS prevalence was 45%, and 111 (65%) of patients voided within 4 hours after surgery. For patients with preoperative LUTS, the unadjusted RR for a first void of >4 hours was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.82-1.32) (p=.77). Adjustment for age, sex, intraoperative Foley catheter use, revision surgery, previous spine surgery, single versus multiple levels, and lumbar location did not materially alter the risk: the multivariable RR was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.82-1.31) (p=.74). The unadjusted RR for a discharge of > 24 hours for patients with a time to first void of > 4 hours was 2.17 (95% CI: 1.51-3.10) (p<.001). After adjusting for age, sex, intraoperative Foley catheter use, IPSS, revision surgery, previous spine surgery, single versus multiple levels, and lumbar location, the multivariable RR was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.22-2.41) (p=.002). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of preoperative LUTS status, an initial first void of >4 hours after surgery is associated with a longer time to discharge among patients undergoing elective lumbar decompression surgery. Future studies are needed to determine if encouraging early postoperative voiding results in timely discharge and shorter length of stay.

Physical Examination Is Predictive of Cauda Equina Syndrome: MRI to Rule Out Diagnosis Is Unnecessary.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. OBJECTIVES: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a neurologic emergency, and delay in diagnosis can result in irreversible impairment. Our purpose was to determine the value of physical examination in diagnosis of CES in patients complaining of bladder and/or bowel complications in the emergency department. METHODS: Adult patients at one tertiary academic medical center that endorsed bowel/bladder dysfunction, underwent a lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and received an orthopedic spine surgery consultation from 2008 to 2017 were included. Patients consulted for trauma or tumor were excluded. A chart and imaging review was performed to collect demographic, physical examination, and treatment data. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated, and fast-and-frugal decision trees (FFTs) were generated using R. RESULTS: Of 142 eligible patients, 10 were diagnosed with CES. The sensitivity and specificity of the exam findings were highest for bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) (100% and 100%), followed by rectal tone (80% and 86%), postvoid residual bladder (80% and 59%), and perianal sensation (60% and 68%). The positive predictive value was high for BCR (100%), but low for other findings (13% to 31%). However, negative predictive values were consistently high for all examinations (96% to 100%). Two FFTs utilizing combinations of voluntary rectal tone, perianal sensation, and BCR resulted in no false negatives. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of physical examination findings of lower sacral function is an effective means of ruling out CES and, with further study, may eliminate the need for MRI in many patients reporting back pain and bowel or bladder dysfunction.

Risk Factors Associated With Femoral Ring Allograft Breakage in ALIF.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective chart review. OBJECTIVES: To identify the incidence of, and variables correlated with, femoral ring allograft (FRA) fracture following anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). METHODS: All patients who underwent ALIF using FRAs at an academic institution over 10 years were included. Postoperative radiographs were reviewed by both the primary and senior authors; fracture and no-fracture groups were created for comparison. Patient and surgical characteristics were extracted from electronic medical records. Frequency data comparisons were performed using contingency table analysis; comparisons of means were analyzed for continuous variables. A multivariate linear regression model was developed using screw use, graft height <12 mm, index level, and weight as variables. RESULTS: A total of 76 FRAs in 59 patients were identified, 13 (17%) of which fractured. Age, sex, smoking status, use of buttress screws, weight, index level, and presence of spondylolisthesis were not correlated with incidence of fracture (P > .05). There was a significant correlation between the height of FRA and incidence of fracture; 2% (1/52) of grafts ≥12 mm and 50% (12/24) of grafts <12 mm fractured (P < .0001). Using ordinary least-squares regression, this result was independent of patient weight, use of screws, and index level. Of 10 patients, 9 did not require revision surgery to achieve fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Graft height was the only variable correlated with incidence of FRA fracture. Graft height <12 mm is an independent risk factor for FRA fracture in patients undergoing ALIF, and their use should be avoided in ALIF procedures.