Effect of Long-Term Hormonal Therapy (vs Short-Term Hormonal Therapy): A Secondary Analysis of Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Treated on NRG Oncology RTOG 9202.

PURPOSE: NRG Oncology RTOG 9202 was a randomized trial testing long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation (LTAD) versus initial androgen deprivation only (STAD) with external beam radiation therapy (RT) in mostly high-risk and some intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients. RTOG 9408 found an overall survival (OS) advantage in patients with cT1b-T2b disease and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <20 ng/mL, with benefit observed mostly among intermediate-risk patients. It was still unknown whether intermediate-risk patients would experience an additional survival benefit with LTAD; thus, we performed a secondary analysis to explore whether LTAD had any incremental benefit beyond STAD among the intermediate-risk subset of RTOG 9202. The study endpoints were OS, disease-specific survival (DSS), and PSA failure (PSAF). METHODS AND MATERIALS: An analysis was performed for all patients enrolled in RTOG 9202 defined as intermediate-risk (cT2 disease, PSA<10 ng/mL, and Gleason score = 7 or cT2 disease, PSA 10-20 ng/mL, and Gleason score <7). This review yielded 133 patients: 74 (STAD) and 59 (LTAD). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS; the cumulative incidence approach was used to estimate DSS and PSAF. A 2-sided test was used, with significance level defined to be .05. RESULTS: With over 11 years of median follow-up, 39 STAD patients were alive and 33 LTAD patients were alive. There was no difference in OS (10-year estimates, 61% STAD vs 65% LTAD; P=.53), DSS (10-year DSS, 96% vs 97%; P=.72), or PSAF (10-year PSAF, 53% vs 55%; P=.99) between groups. CONCLUSION: LTAD did not confer a benefit in terms of OS, DSS, or PSAF rates in the intermediate-risk subset in this study. Whereas the subset was relatively small, treatment assignment was randomly applied, and a trend in favor of LTAD would have been of interest. Given the small number of disease-specific deaths observed and lack of benefit with respect to our endpoints, this secondary analysis does not suggest that exploration of longer hormonal therapy is worth testing in the intermediate-risk prostate cancer subset.

An early report on outcomes from computed tomographic-based high-dose-rate brachytherapy for locally advanced cervix cancer: A single institution experience.

PURPOSE: To report our experience using high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy with computed tomographic (CT) imaging for locally advanced cervix cancer, using available resources to optimize the treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fifty-seven women with cervix cancer were treated between September 2004 and March 2008. Patients received external radiotherapy, HDR brachytherapy (7 Gy x4) and concurrent chemotherapy. CT planning was done for each insertion. RESULTS: Median age was 53 years (range, 29-89 years); majority (49%) had International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB. The median follow-up was 22.6 months. There were 4 patients who required laser coagulation for rectal bleeding, and one patient required hemicolectomy for sigmoid stricture. There was no grade 3 or 4 genitourinary toxicity. The Kaplan-Meier overall survival, relapse free, central pelvic and pelvic control at 3 years was 86%, 62%, 89%, and 83%, respectively. Pelvic control for tumors 2 to 5 cm was 95% and 84% for tumors greater than 5 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Our early experience confirms that CT-based HDR brachytherapy for cervix cancer achieves disease control comparable to other published series. At the same time, conformal avoidance of organs at risk allows for low rates of toxicity.

Adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy interposed with involved field radiation for advanced endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate recurrence and survival associated with adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy interposed with involved field radiation for advanced endometrial cancer. METHOD: This is a prospective cohort study of women with Stage III and IV endometrial cancer treated at a single institution between April 2002 and July 2006. Adjuvant therapy consisted of 4 cycles of intravenous paclitaxel (175 mg/m(2)) and carboplatin (350 mg/m(2)) every 3 weeks, followed by external beam radiotherapy (RT) to the pelvis (45 Gy), then another 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Para-aortic RT and/or HDR vault brachytherapy were added at the discretion of the treating physician. Toxicity of this protocol was previously reported. Primary endpoints for this study were disease-free and overall survival rates. RESULTS: Forty-three patients with a median age of 64 years (46-83 years) were evaluated. The majority had Stage IIIC disease (63%), and the most common histology was serous carcinoma (49%). Six cycles of combination chemotherapy were completed in 81%, and all patients completed pelvic RT. Median follow-up was 30 months (9-71 months). Twenty-one patients (49%) recurred at a median of 17 months (7-62 months). There were only 3 local recurrences, including 2 in the pelvis and 1 in the vagina/vulva. Median disease-free survival (DFS) was 50 months and median overall survival (OS) has not been reached. Three year DFS and OS rates were 53% and 68%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy interposed with involved field radiation is associated with a low rate of local recurrence and favorable survival for advanced endometrial cancer.

Optimization of high-dose-rate cervix brachytherapy applicator placement: the benefits of intraoperative ultrasound guidance.

PURPOSE: To promote efficient workflow for image-guided high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BT) for cervix cancer by implementing intraoperative ultrasound (US) guidance for placement and optimization of intrauterine applicators. We sought to establish this as part of routine radiation oncology practice without radiology consultation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-five consecutive insertions were performed in 21 women between July 2006 and March 2007. Cervical dilation, tandem selection and insertion were guided by transabdominal US. Final tandem position following vaginal applicator insertion was also confirmed by US. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was used for treatment planning and to assess perforation and applicator suitability for each patient anatomy. RESULTS: Intrauterine tandem insertion was successfully guided by US in the majority of procedures (34/35). CT imaging confirmed accurate placement within the uterine canal in each case, compared with a historic institutional perforation rate of 10%. Visualizing patient anatomy during insertion altered the selection of tandem length and angle in 49% of cases, resulting in improved applicator matching to anatomy. Average insertion time significantly decreased from 34 to 26 minutes (p=0.01). Requests for assistance from gynecologic surgical oncology declined from 38% to 5.7% of procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative US guidance for cervix BT has been successfully implemented with staff and equipment from radiation oncology. Using US during every insertion has led to improved applicator selection and placement while decreasing procedure time and reducing out of department consultations. These changes have eliminated repeat insertions due to unfavorable applicator placement (as revealed on postoperative CT), thus improving department efficiency and quality of patient care.

Brain metastases from endometrial carcinoma: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics and treatment results of patients at our center with brain metastases from endometrial carcinoma. METHODS: Between January 1991 and March 2003, there were 1295 women referred to the London Regional Cancer Centre with the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, and eight of these women (0.6%) developed brain metastases. The medical records of these eight women were reviewed to assess patient and tumor characteristics at primary diagnosis. Treatment and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The majority of patients had poor prognostic factors associated with the primary tumor, including high grade and advanced stage. The median age at diagnosis of brain metastases was 66 years. The median interval between completion of primary tumor treatment and diagnosis of brain metastases was 2 months. Three patients had no other evidence of systemic disease, while five had disseminated disease. Four patients had a single brain metastasis, while four had multiple lesions. Seven patients received whole brain radiation therapy in addition to systemic steroids, of which six had temporary improvement or resolution in symptoms. Median survival following diagnosis of brain metastases was 3.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Brain metastases from endometrial cancer are uncommon. Associated factors include high grade and advanced stage. The majority of women in this series presented with brain metastases shortly after completion of primary treatment for their endometrial cancer. The prognosis following brain metastases is generally very poor. Innovative treatment strategies are needed to improve the outcome of these patients.