ABSTRACT
Craniosynostosis is an atypical skull shape characterized by the premature fusion of cranial sutures. It is one of the most common congenital anomalies encountered by craniofacial surgeons, with a prevalence of one in every 2000-2500 births. It is classified into two main types: syndromic and nonsyndromic. In syndromic, the patient presents with other abnormalities involving the trunk, face, or extremities. While in nonsyndromic the only anomy is the premature fusion, which usually involves one suture; the most common subtypes are unicoronal, sagittal, bicoronal, metopic, and lambdoid. As a consequence, premature fusion before its natural time restricts the space for the brain to grow, increases intracranial pressure, causes damage to the brain tissue, and affects the development of the child. This review comprehensively provides a detailed overview of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis and aims to highlight the importance of early and accurate diagnosis, and determining the most suitable intervention, whether surgical or conservative modalities. The optimal treatment approach produces the most favorable aesthetic and functional outcomes.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of dry eye disease (DED) among the citizens of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence survey was administered to 4066 healthy adults from the five main regions of Saudi Arabia. Initial estimates of the prevalence and associated risk factors of DED were calculated for the general population and then stratified by demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and location. DED was assessed by a short, validated dry-eye questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of DED was 49.5 % (n = 2016), including 33.1 % (n = 1347) of participants who reported a previous DED diagnosis and 16.4 % (n = 669) who reported severe symptoms; 14.7 % reported severe symptoms and a previous DED diagnosis (n = 598). The DED prevalence among men was 49.8 % (n = 1005) compared with 50.2 % (n = 1011) for women. The multivariate model analysis confirmed the increased prevalence of DED in women (OR 1.48; 95 % CI 1.30-1.88), those ≥60 years of age (OR 1.99; 95 % CI 1.60-2.81), those who had undergone refractive surgery (OR 1.79; 95 % CI 1.50-2.59), those having undergone acne treatment (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.34-1.97), contact lens wearers (OR 1.77; 95 % CI 1.40-2.48), those having taken antiallergy drugs (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 1.55-2.78) or antidepressants (OR 1.60; 95 % CI 1.14-2.44), and those who reported computer use of >6 h per day (OR 1.66; 95 % CI 1.41-2.52). CONCLUSION: Dry eye is a common disease among the Saudi Arabian population. Prevalence is found to be high and vary significantly across the country. DED could be attributed to dry weather, low annual rainfall, low humidity, widespread use of air conditioners, air pollution, high temperature, and exposure to sunlight.
